红 树 林 发表于 2004-11-10 00:10:27

最初由发布


我忙著搜集教材,也不可能抽空兼顧校務,那只好繼續刊登招聘啟示了!

向 孜 孜 不 倦 的 CHUSIR致 敬 和 所 有 的 到 访 朋 友 致 意 !

VicChu 发表于 2004-11-21 13:53:59

揶揄手勢

  日前參加一個宴會,同席有位可以說是“假洋鬼子”的客人,說一口英語,談的全是上流社會活動情況。座旁的客人是中學英語教員,悄悄評道:He talks with a plum in his mouth!嘴中含著一顆李子說話,真是一語道中的一句兼且頗為形象化的,帶mouth的明喻,不是說其人說話含糊不清,而是喻其人發音裝腔作勢,作上流人說話腔調。

  Have a plum in one's mouth亦作:Have marbles in one's mouth。嘴中含著多顆石彈(粵語說的“波子”)講話,裝腔作勢,一如含著一顆李子也。此君說話常以:Take my word for it,保証自己說的是實話(等於說:You can trust me and accept my word as a guarantee of truth。)更加強其威風也。have(或者keep)marbles(或者a plum)in one's mouth是揶揄一個人裝作上流社會人士說話腔調,令人討厭,因此他座旁那位客人又說:May be I should put my finger in my mouth。此言出於明喻put one's finger in one's mouth and make an obscene noise,伸指入嘴作個不雅之聲,表示揶揄的動作也。

VicChu 发表于 2004-11-21 14:27:42

翻譯作品欣賞

  A little boy bustled into a grocery one day with a memorandum in his hand.
  

  "Hello, Mr. Smith," He said. "I want thirteen pounds of coffee at 32 cents."

  

  "Very good," said the grocer, and he noted down the sale.

  "Anything else, Charlie?"
  

  "Yes. Twenty-seven pounds of sugar at 9 cents."

  "The loaf, eh? And what else?
  

  "Seven and a half pounds of bacon at 20 cents."

  "That will be a good brand. Go on."
  

  "Five pounds of tea at 90 cents; eleven and a half quarts of molasses at 8 cents a pint; two eight-pound hams at 21 cents, and five dozen jars of pickled walnuts at 24 cents a jar."

  

  The grocer made out the bill.
  

  "It's a big order," he said. "Did your mother tell you to pay for it?"
  

  "My mother," said the boy, as he pocketed the neat and accurate bill, "has nothing to do with this business. It is my arithmetic lesson and I had to get it done somehow."





  一天,一個小男孩匆匆忙忙地走進了一家雜貨店,手里拿著一張清單。

  “史密斯先生,你好,”他說道,“三毛二分錢一磅的咖啡,請給我十三磅。”

  “好的,”雜貨店老板馬上把這筆生意記了下來。

  “還要別的什么不,查理?”

  “要的。再要二十七磅糖,九分錢一磅的。”

  “面包要不要?還要什么?”

  “七磅半煙肉,二毛錢一磅的。”

  “這肉是名牌子呢。還有呢?”

  “九毛錢一磅的茶葉,給我五磅﹔八分錢一品脫的糖漿要十一夸脫半﹔二毛一分錢一磅的大火腿要二只,二毛四分錢一罐的腌核桃要五打。”

  雜貨店老板把帳單算了出來。

  “你買了很多東西,”他說,“你媽媽叫你現在把錢付清嗎?”

  小男孩一面把那清楚准確的帳單放進口袋一面說,“這和我媽沒關系,這是我自己的算朮作業,我總得想辦法把它做出來!

VicChu 发表于 2004-11-21 14:31:35

回复:翻譯作品欣賞

Only One Instance
(Humorous Story)

  Mr. Henry Beecher entered Plymouth Church one Sunday and found several letters awaiting him. He opened one and found it contained the single word “Fool.” Quietly and with becoming seriousness he announced to the congregation the fact in these words:

  “I have known many an instance of a man writing a letter and forgetting to sign his name, but this is the only instance I have ever known of a man signing his name and forgetting to write the letter.”



傻瓜來信

(幽默小品)
  一個星期天,亨利﹒比切先生上普利茅斯的教堂去,在那里有他的几封信。他打開其中一封,發現信中只寫著“傻瓜”兩個字。他平靜而認真地把這件事告訴教友們,他這樣說:

  

  “寫信時忘了簽名的人,我倒遇見過很多,但只簽了名卻忘了寫信的人,我卻是頭一次遇到。”

VicChu 发表于 2004-11-21 14:34:42

回复:翻譯作品欣賞

I wasn't dead

  A young man fell into a state of coma, but recovered before his friends had buried him. One of them asked what it felt like to be dead.

  "Dead!" he exclaimed. "I wasn't dead. And I knew I wasn't, because my feet were cold and I was hungry."

  "But how did that make you sure?"

  "Well, I knew that if I were in heaven I shouldn't be hungry, and if I was in the other place my feet wouldn't be cold."



我還沒死


  一個年輕人昏死了過去,但是當他的朋友們要掩埋他的時候卻又蘇醒過來。他的一個朋友問他死的感覺是怎樣的。

  “死!”他喊道“我并沒有死,我知道我沒死,因為我的腳是涼的,而我又很餓。”

  “你怎么能肯定你沒死?”

  “當然哪,我知道如果我上了天堂,我就不會覺得餓﹔如果我下到地獄,那我的腳就不會是涼的了。”

红 树 林 发表于 2004-11-23 00:04:13

ChuSir ,   有 趣 。:smile:

VicChu 发表于 2004-11-24 22:51:03

中文口語淺譯

生活上許多中文口語(俗語),有的涵義頗為「深奧」,想譯成英文,也很困難。假如照字直譯,往往又讓老外迷惑,不能達到溝通的目的。以下列舉出一些中文口語的英文類似說法,盼對讀者有參考的價值。

(1)不經一事,不長一智:
(就是說,不經過一次實踐,就不能增加一點智慧或經驗。)
老外的說法是:
He who does not try will not fail.
(不嘗試的人,就不會失敗。)
或 Experience is the best teacher.
或With action comes experience. (=Experience comes with action.)

(2)吃得苦中苦,方為人上人:
(就是說,不吃大苦,就很難出人頭地,或是人要經過磨練,才能成功。)
老外也有類似的說法:
You must take the sour with the sweet.
或 Difficulties are the greatest lessons.
或 Overcoming life's obstacle helps us (to) grow.
或 Hardship builds a man's character.
或 No pain, no gain.

(3)不到黃河心不死:
(也就是說,不到最後失敗或碰壁,不算完了或不會放手。)
老外也許只說:
It's not over (或done) until it is over (或done).
=It ain't over till it's over.
(ain't是18世紀的古字=is not)

(4)不管三七二十一:
(就是說,不管如何,說辦就辦。)
老外說法是:
You should honor your word.
或 If you want to talk the talk, you have to walk the walk.
( to talk the talk就是to talk something ; to walk the walk就是 to do something )
(第二個的talk和walk,都當名詞用。)

(5)天下無不是的父母:
(也就是說,父母做的事,說的話,總是對的。)
很多華人會說:
The parents are always right.
老外不同意這種說法,他們只說:
Ask Dad, father knows best.
(表示孩子尊重老爸)

(6 )天下興亡,匹夫有責:
(就是說,國家的興亡,每個國民都有責任。)
美國人也很愛國,諸如John Kennedy在1961年說:
Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
(不要問你的國家能為你做什麼;要問你能為你的國家做什麼。)
也有老外甚至說:
I only regret that I have but one life to give to (或 for) my country.
(我唯一的遺憾是,只有一條生命奉獻給我的國家。)
(but=only)
或What pity is it that I can die but once to serve my country.
(真糟,我只能為我的國家犧牲一次。)
不過老外平時只說:
Uncle Sam needs you.
=Our government needs your help.
(Uncle Sam=the U.S.)

(7)天上星多月不明
(地上坑多路不平):
(也就是說,人多了,意見也多,容易出亂子。)
老外或許只說:
Too many stars shinning spoils the moon's light.
或 Too many cooks spoil the soup.
或 Too many chefs can ruin the meal.

(8 )牛不喝水強按頭
(按牛頭,吃不得草):
(也就是強迫他人做不願做的事。)
老外也有類似的口語:
You can lead the horse to water, but you can not make him(或 it) drink.
(他們用horse,不用cow)

(9)長江後浪推前浪
(一代新人換舊人):
(也就是說,光陰易逝,人事變化大。)
老外也許只說:
The new generation will always replace(或follow或come after)the old one.

(10)今朝有酒今朝醉:
(也就是只顧眼前,不顧將來。)
老外的說法是:
Smell the roses today; don't worry about tomorrow.
或 Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow you may die.

(11)心去意難留:
(就是說,打定了主意,無法阻擋。)
老外說法:
Once the decision is made, there is no going back.
或 The die is cast.
(is cast=is thrown out)
(就像骰子已投下去了;大局已定,不能挽回。)

(12)心有餘而力不足:
(就是說,心裡想做,但力量不夠,無法做到。)
老外也許說:
One likes to do it, but one's hands are tied.
(one也可以用 I, you, he, she等代替)
或 I wish I could do it. ( but I can not )
(真盼望我能為你效勞,但無能為力。)(不可能的假設語態)

(13)心病還得心藥醫:
(就是說,心理上的毛病,還得從心理上去治療。)
老外說:
Emotional problem must be handled through emotional means.
或To solve emotional problems, one should use emotional techniques.
或只說:
Emotion should be met with emotion.

(14)心寬出少年:
(意思是心情舒暢,就會健康愉快,顯得年輕。)
老外也許說:
If a person has optimistic attitude, she/he will be happy and look younger.
或者只說:
Optimism makes one look younger.

(15)只許州官放火,
不許百姓點燈:
(意思是指統治者的專制與殘暴。)
老外也許只說:
The government can do something that the individual can not.
或The government officials enjoy priviledge that ordinary citizens do not.

(16)只知有己,不知有人:
(就是說,自私自利,從不想到別人。)
老外說法:
One is so self-centered that he (she) can not think about others.
或 Look out for number one.(最常用)
(number one=I am number one)(我是最重要,是第一,指個人主義。)

(17)白天不做虧心事,
半夜不怕鬼敲門:
(也就是說,假如心裡沒有鬼,就不怕別人懷疑。)
老外也許只說:
If you have a clear conscience, you need to fear nothing.
或 Clear conscience fears nothing.

(18)飢不擇食,寒不擇衣:
(就是說,緊急需要東西,也就不加選擇了。)
老外說法:
When you are in bad need of something, you can hardly have choices.
或 Beggars can not be choosers.
(乞丐不是挑選者。)

(19)巧婦難為無米之炊:
(也就是說,條件如果不足,事情很難辦成。)
老外說法:
One can not complete a task without the proper condi-tions.
或 Without the right tools and conditions, sometimes skill is not enough.

(20)打人別打臉:
(就是說,不要讓人太過不去,總要留些餘地。)
老外也許說:
If you are going to criticize someone, do it in a moderate way. (Allow him/her to save the face.)
或 Don't go to extreme; leave a person some room!
或 Don't cut someone off at the knee.
(對人不要太過分。)

(21)不要打鴨子上架:
(就是說,不可勉強人家去做他/她不會或不熟悉的事。)
老外說法:
Never force a person to do anything.
或 Don't fit a square peg in(或 into)a round hole.
= Don't fit a round peg in(或 into)a square hole.
(不要把方形的木栓放進圓洞裡,也就是不可勉強不能勝任的人。)

(22)不聽老人言,吃虧在眼前:
(也就是說,不聽老人經驗之談,也許很快就會出問題。)
You may be sorry if you ignore the wisdom of an older generation.
或 The wisdom of an older person should not be ignored.

(23)有理不在聲高:
(就是說,如有正確的道理,就不必高聲叫嚷。)
老外說法:
If you have good reasons, you don't need to raise your voice.
或 Good reason brings quiet confidence.

(24)寧在人前全不會,
莫在人前會不全:
(就是說,如果一知半解,不要在人前出醜。)
老外也有類似說法:
It is better to remain totally silent rather than reveal your ignorance.
或Silent ignorance is better than a display of little knowledge.

(25)有緣千里能相會
(無緣對面不相逢):
(就是說,運氣和巧合,有時會把兩個人湊在一起。)
「緣分」或可譯為 fate, luck, coincidence 或 serendipity。
老外也許只說:
It was serendipity that you met even though you lived thousand of miles away.
甚至說:
The stars are aligning for you.
(天上的星星,為你們而排列,頗有「天作之合」的意思。)
(= The stars must be in alignment for you.)
或 If it is meant to be, it will be.
(意思是,假如上天注定是這樣,那麼就是這樣了!)

红 树 林 发表于 2004-12-3 01:29:41

不 要 放 弃

敬 爱 的ChuSir,
       有 一 些 有 趣 的 短 情 景 英 文 吗 ?
   THANK   YOU。

祈 生 活 愉 快 。

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 15:40:01

英美英文異趣 (異字同義)

單字: AERIAL, ANTENNA
例句: (英) Every television has an aerial, which is often on top of a house, to receive signals.
(美) Every television has an antenna, which is often on top of a house, to receive signals.
解釋: (英) aerial:(電視、汽車等的) 天線。
(美) antenna:(電視、汽車等的) 天線。


單字: AT A PINCH, IN A PINCH
例句: (英) It's more than I really want to spend, but at a pinch I suppose I could manage £50. (這筆錢比我真正想花的錢要來得多,但若有必要,我想我可以拿得出 50 英鎊。)
(美) It's more than I really want to spend, but in a pinch I suppose I could manage $50.
解釋: (英) at a pinch:必要時,若有必要 (if necessary)。
(美) in a pinch:必要時,若有必要 (if necessary)。


單字: BISCUIT, COOKIE
例句: (英) Mrs. Worthington wants biscuits with her tea.
(美) Young children love cookies and milk.
解釋: (英) biscuit:餅乾。
(美) cookie:餅乾。


單字: BONNET, HOOD
例句: (英) The mechanic is looking under the bonnet for the problem.
(美) The mechanic is looking under the hood for the problem.
解釋: (英) bonnet:(車輛的) 引擎蓋。
(美) hood:(車輛的) 引擎蓋。


單字: BRACES, SUSPENDERS
例句: (英) The idea of wearing shorts and trousers with braces is not new.
(美) The idea of wearing shorts and trousers with suspenders is not new.
解釋: (英) braces:(男褲的) 吊帶,背帶。
(美) suspenders:(男褲的) 吊帶,背帶。


單字: CAR PARK/PARKING PLACE, PARKING LOT/PARKING GARAGE
例句: (英) There is a big car park/parking place behind the cinema.
(美) There is a big parking lot/parking garage behind the movie theater.
解釋: (英) car park/parking place:停車場。
(美) parking lot/parking garage:停車場。


單字: CENTRAL RESERVATION, (SAFETY) MEDIAN
例句: (英) There are many campaign banners throughoutcentral reservations.
(美) There are many campaign banners throughout medians.
解釋: (英) central reservation:安全島。
(美) (safety) median:安全島。


單字: CINEMA, MOVIE THEATER
例句: (英) There is only one cinema in our town.
(美) There are many movie theaters in Los Angeles.
解釋: (英) cinema:電影院。
(美) movie theater:電影院。

附註:1. cinema 亦有「電影放映」、「電影業,電影工作」的意思 ;在美式英語中,這兩個意思的相對用字都是 movies -- 前面須加定冠詞 the。例句:Let's go to the cinema (英)/movies (美) tonight. 今晚去看電影吧。He worked for years in the Japanese cinema (英)/movies (美). 他在日本電影界工作了數年。2. 「電影,影片」在英國叫做 film,在美國叫做 movie。例句:Have you seen any films (英)/movies (美) recently. 你最近有看過好的影片嗎?


單字: CLASSIFIED AD, WANT AD
例句: (英) I read the classified ads every day, but there doesn't seem to be any interesting jobs around.
(美) I read the want ads every day, but there doesn't seem to be any interesting jobs around.
解釋: (英) classified ad:(求財、求職等的) 分類廣告,又叫做 small ad。
(美) want ad:(求財、求職等的) 分類廣告,係 help-wanted ad 的縮寫。


單字: COOKERY BOOK, COOKBOOK
例句: (英) This is a good cookery book.
(美) This is a good cookbook.
解釋: (英) cookery book:食譜,烹飪書。
(美) cookbook:食譜,烹飪書。


單字: COVERING LETTER, COVER LETTER
例句: (英) Please send your resume and a detailed covering letter.
(美) Please send your resume and a detailed cover letter.
解釋: (英) covering letter:(附於包裹或另一信函中做為說明或附言的) 附函。
(美) cover letter:(附於包裹或另一信函中做為說明或附言的) 附函。


單字: CROSSROADS, INTERSECTION
例句: (英) You must stop at a crossroads.
(美) You must stop at an intersection.
解釋: (英) crossroads:十字路口。
(美) intersection:十字路口。


單字: CV, RESUME/BIODATA
例句: (英) John and his brother have sent their CVs in the hope that they can land good new jobs at that company.
(美)John and his brother have sent their resumes in the hope that they can land good new jobs at that company.
解釋: (英) CV:個人簡歷、履歷。CV 為 curriculum vitae (複數為 curricula vitae,但一般用單數;curriculum 的複數可寫成 curricula 或 curriculums) 的縮寫。
(美) resume:個人簡歷、履歷。亦可用 biodata,但比較少見。


單字: DO THE WASHING, DO THE WASH
例句: (英) I must do the washing tonight.
(美) Johnson hasn't done the wash for a couple of weeks.
解釋: (英) do the washing:洗衣服。
(美) do the wash:洗衣服。

注意:由某些特定名詞與 "do" 搭配所形成的語詞,在英文中相當常用,如 do the cleaning (打掃),do the cooking (烹飪),do the shopping (= go shopping 購物),do fish (燒魚),do science (修讀理科),do a dance (跳舞),do one's teeth (刷牙) 等等。


單字: DO THE WASHING-UP, DO THE DISHES
例句: (英) I'll do the washing-up.
(美) My mother usually does the dishes immediately after meals.
解釋: (英) do the washing-up:洗碗盤。
(美) do the dishes:洗碗盤。


單字: DRAUGHTS, CHECKERS
例句: (英) John enjoys playing draughts.
(美) Mary enjoys playing checkers too.
解釋: (英) draughts:西洋棋。
(美) checkers:西洋棋。


單字: DUMBWAITER, LAZY SUSAN
例句: (英) John, don't turn round a dumbwaiter that way.
(美) John, don't turn round a lazy Susan that way.
解釋: (英) dumbwaiter:(餐桌上便於上菜的) 圓轉台或圓轉盤。
(美) lazy Susan:(餐桌上便於上菜的) 圓轉台或圓轉盤。


單字: DUMMY, PACIFIER
例句: (英) Please clean a dummy in warm water before putting it into your baby's mouth.
(美) Please clean a pacifier in warm water before putting it into your baby's mouth.
解釋: (英) dummy:安撫奶嘴。
(美) pacifier:安撫奶嘴。


單字: DUSTBIN, TRASHCAN
例句: (英) All of the old pencils are in the dustbin.
(美) All of the old pencils are in the trashcan.
解釋: (英) dustbin:垃圾桶。
(美) trashcan:垃圾桶 (又叫做 ashcan, garbage can)。


單字: ENGAGED, BUSY
例句: (英) Sorry! The line/number is engaged.
(美) The phone is busy.
解釋: (英) engaged:(電話) 佔線,忙線。
(美) busy:(電話) 佔線,忙線。


單字: ESTATE AGENT, REAL ESTATE AGENT (OR REALTOR)
例句: (英) I've been working as an estate agent for more than 15 years.
(美) I've been working as a real estate agent for more than 15 years.
解釋: (英) estate agent:房地產經紀人,仲介商。
(美) real estate agent 或 realtor:房地產經紀人,仲介商。


單字: ESTATE CAR, STATION WAGON
例句: (英) Here comes the estate car.
(美) There are five station wagons in my company.
解釋: (英) estate car:旅行車。
(美) station wagon:旅行車。


單字: FIRE BRIGADE, FIRE DEPARTMENT
例句: (英) Quick! Call the fire brigade!
(美) The fire department dashed up in three long scarlet wagons.
解釋: (英) fire brigade:消防隊。
(美) fire department:消防隊,消防隊全體隊員 (例句為此意思)。


單字: FIRE HYDRANT, FIREPLUG
例句: (英) The British fire brigade uses fire hydrant to fight fires.
(美) The American fire department uses fireplug to put out fires.
解釋: (英) fire hydrant:消防栓。
(美) fireplug:消防栓。


單字: FLAT, APARTMENT
例句: (英) I live in flat 11A.
(美) My cousin lives in apartment 11A.
解釋: (英) flat:公寓 (A separate living space that is within a larger building that is rented.)。
(美) apartment:公寓。


單字: FLYOVER, OVERPASS
例句: (英) This is probably the tallest flyover in the world.
(美) This is probably the tallest overpass in the world.
解釋: (英) flyover:天橋,高架橋。
(美) overpass:天橋,高架橋。


單字: FLYPAST, FLYBY/FLYOVER
例句: (英) The Air Force's plans for a flypast to mark the 60th anniversary of its establishment have been scuppered.
(美) Everyone put in a lot of work for the flyover that was
essential for the success of the event.
解釋: (英) flypast:(飛機的) 空中分列式。
(美) flyby/flyover:(飛機的) 空中分列式。


單字: FULL STOP, PERIOD
例句: (英) In British English, a period is called a full stop.
(美) You must put a period after a complete sentence.
解釋: (英) full stop:句點,句號。
(美) period:句點,句號。


單字: GO OFF WITH A BANG, GO OVER WITH A BANG
例句: (英) The party really went off with a bang!
(美) The party really went over with a bang!
解釋: (英) go off with a bang:極為成功。
(美) go over with a bang:極為成功。


單字: GREEN FINGERS, GREEN THUMB
例句: (英) Penthouse gardens provide an outlet for the city dwellers withgreen fingers.
(美) Penthouse gardens provide an outlet for the city dwellers with a green thumb.
解釋: (英) green fingers:精湛的園藝能力。
(美) green thumb:精湛的園藝能力。


單字: HALL OF RESIDENCE, DORMITORY
例句: (英) Do you live in hall or lodgings?
(美) Most of the students of this college live in dormitories.
解釋: (英) hall of residence:(大學或學院的) 學生宿舍 -- 簡寫為 hall。
(美) dormitory:(大學或學院的) 學生宿舍。


單字: HIGH STREET, MAIN STREET
例句: (英) There are several banks in the high street.
(美) There are several banks in the main street.
解釋: (英) high street:大街。high-street (adj.):大街的,大型的,如 "The strategy has rocked the high-street W. H. Smith, Which had dominated the U.K. book market for decades."
(美) main street:大街。
如果是大街名稱的一部份,則需大寫,如 Camden High Street。


單字: HOME FROM HOME, HOME AWAY FROM HOME
例句: (英) We really enjoyed our holiday. The hotel was a home from home.
(美) We really enjoyed our holiday. The hotel was a home away from home.
解釋: (英) home from home:像家裡一樣舒適自在的地方。
(美) home away from home:像家裡一樣舒適自在的地方。


單字: INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, INDUSTRIAL PARK
例句: (英) There are two industrial estates on the edge of this city.
(美) There are two industrial parks on the edge of this city.
解釋: (英) industrial estate:工業區,工業園區。
(美) industrial park:工業區,工業園區。


單字: INTERVAL, INTERMISSION
例句: (英) I like to eat ice cream in the intervals.
(美) I like to eat ice cream during intermissions.
解釋: (英) interval:(戲劇、音樂會、運動比賽等) 中場休息 (時間)。
(美) intermission:(戲劇、音樂會、運動比賽等) 中場休息 (時間)。


單字: JUG, PITCHER
例句: (英) The lads had seven jugs of beer last night.
(美) The boys had seven pitchers of beer last night.
解釋: (英) jug:壺。
(美) pitcher:壺。


單字: LEVEL CROSSING, GRADE CROSSING
例句: (英) Don't pass through a level crossing when a train is approaching.
(美) Don't pass through a grade crossing when a train is approaching.
解釋: (英) leveling crossing:平交道。
(美) grade crossing:平交道。


單字: LIFT, ELEVATOR
例句: (英) You should take the lift to the tenth floor!
(美) You should take the elevator to the tenth floor!
解釋: (英) lift:電梯。
(美) elevator:電梯。


單字: LORRY, TRUCK
例句: (英) There are many lorries on the motorway.
(美) There are many trucks on the freeways.
解釋: (英) lorry:卡車。
(美) truck:卡車。


單字: LUGGAGE, BAGGAGE
例句: (英) I've put your luggage on the train.
(美) You can check your baggage to your destination.
解釋: (英) luggage:行李。
(美) baggage:行李。


單字: MAIZE, CORN
例句: (英) There are many fields of maize all over our countryside.
(美、澳) There are many fields of corn all over our countryside.
解釋: (英) maize:玉米,玉蜀黍;corn 在英國意為「穀物」-- 尤指小麥 (wheat)、「穀粒」。
(美、澳) corn:玉米,玉蜀黍。


單字: MAJORITY, PLURALITY
例句: (英) He won by a majority of 900 votes. (他以 900 票之多當選)
(美) He won by a plurality of 900 votes.
解釋: (英) majority:選舉時,得票最高者與得票第二高者之間的得票數之差。
(美) plurality:選舉時,得票最高者與得票第二高者之間的得票數之差。
許多人對於政治上有關「多數」、「相對多數」或「絕對多數」的英文、它們的意義及其相關的用法搞不清楚,現在我們就來做個完全解說。首先從 plurality 開始,這個字除了上述美式英語的意思外,另一個意思是得票數比其他任一位候選人高、但未過半的「相對多數」或稱「簡單多數」,英文又叫做 "relative plurality"。majority 在美語中指的一定是「絕對多數」(absolute majority),但要注意的是,在政治學上,只要過半數就是絕對多數,若要明確加以表示,我們可以說二分之一、三分之二或四分之三絕對多數。由於我國的總統選舉跟美國一樣是採取相對多數制,得票數最高者即告當選 (不必過半),因此陳水扁當選後,有人便主張修憲改為絕對多數制。絕對多數制通常需要兩輪的投票 (如法國),因為它要求候選人得票必須過半才告當選,這非常困難,尤其是如果候選人有三個或以上時,第一輪得票就要過半無異緣木求魚,所以必須由得票最高的兩名候選人再進行第二輪「決選」(run-off or runoff elections),但決選則採用相對多數制。至於國會的多數黨 (majority parties)、多數黨領袖 (majority leaders) 或多數政府 (majority governments) -- 「少數」的英文是 minority -- 他們在國會的席次 (包括聯合其他政黨組成 coalition 的情況) 未必過半。

接下來我們要討論許多人搞不清楚的 majority 的幾種用法。這個字除了上述「得票最高者與得票第二高者之間的得票數差額」的意思外 (在此以 (a) 來表示),另一主要意思是「多半;大多數」(more than the half of any total),而這個意思又分為其後有 "of"(在此以 (b) 來表示) 和沒有 "of"(在此以 (c) 來表示) 的情況。它們的用法和文法觀念如下所述:

(a) 的 majority 可以用 overwhelming, bare, narrow, small , large, great, greater, greatest 來修飾,這些都是習慣用法或標準語法,如:"He won by an overwhelming/by a narrow majority." (他以壓倒性多數/微弱多數獲勝)。當這個 majority 做為句子的主詞時,它的動詞一定是單數:"The majority was small but sufficient to enable the Conservatives to form a government."

(b) 的 majority通常以「A/The majority of + 複數名詞」的句型出現。這個 majority 可以用 great 或 vast 來修飾 (由於 majority 可能小至51%,所以使用這些形容詞來將「多半」的比例提高至「絕大多數」),但卻不能使用 greater 或 greatest,否則就不合英文的習慣用法:"The vast majority of microbes...play a role that is not only valuable but essential."。當主詞時,它的動詞一定是複數:"The great majority of school buildings are dilapidated and decaying." 另外,要注意的是,A/The majority of 的後面不能接不可數名詞,所以a (or the) majority of experience, forgiveness, interest, tolerance, work 等等都是錯誤的。

(c) 的 majority 通常不用修飾語,若要用,一般都使用 vast:"The vast majority have now come to terms with their destiny." 當主詞時,它的動詞可以是單數或複數,若我們把它視為一個「整體」,則用單數,若我們把它視為這群人的「個別」行為,則用複數:"The majority elects (不是 elect) the candidate it wants (不是 they want).",因為選舉是由「整體」選民來完成,但:The majority of the voters live (不是 lives) in the city." (這句也是 (b) 的應用),因為住在城市是每位選民的「個別」行為。



單字: MOTORWAY, FREEWAY
例句: (英) he M1 is the longest motorway in Britain.
(美) In America there are long freeways, but in Canada we call them highways.
解釋: (英) motorway:高速公路。
(美) freeway:高速公路 (又叫做 expressway)。


單字: NAPPY, DIAPER
例句: (英) Our baby wears plastic nappies.
(美) Our baby wears cotton diapers.
解釋: (英) nappy:尿布,尿片。
(美) diaper:尿布,尿片。


單字: NUMBER OFF, COUNT OFF
例句: (英) The soldiers numbered off from left to right.
(美) The soldiers counted off from left to right.
解釋: (英) number off:(軍隊用語) 報數。
(美) count off:(軍隊用語) 報數。


單字: OF/IN THE ORDER OF, ON THE ORDER OF
例句: (英) His income is of/in the order of NT$ 600,000 a year.
(美) His income is on the order of NT$ 600,000 a year.
解釋: (英) of/in the order of:大約。
(美) on the order of:大約。


單字: ON THE CARDS, IN THE CARDS
例句: (英) It's on the cards that I may go to Japan this year.
(美) They say another price increase is in the cards.
解釋: (英) on the cards:(adj.) 很可能的 (probable)。
(美) in the cards:(adj.) 很可能的 (probable)。


單字: OPERATING THEATER, OPERAT ING ROOM
例句: (英) She stands outside the operating theater waiting for some word about her husband's condition.
(美) The operating room, sometimes called the OR or surgery center, is where surgery takes place in a hospital.
解釋: (英) operating theater:(n.) 手術室。
(美) operating room:(n.) 手術室。


單字: OPPOSITE/FACING, ACROSS
例句: (英) 1. They live in the houses directly opposite the (railway) station. 2. She sat facing me across the table.
(美) 1. They live in the houses across the (railway) station. 2. She sat across the table from me.
解釋: (英) opposite/facing:在...的對面。
(美) across:在...的對面。


單字: PEN PUSHER, PENCIL PUSHER, PAPER PUSHER
例句: (英) He already sees significant changes since the training was introduced. People who were called administrators, and perhaps seen as just pen pushers, have been transformed to proactive managers.
(美) Many of the men who now sit on company boards are pencil pushers with PhDs and MBAs from top schools, but lack operating experience in business.
解釋: (英) pen pusher:辦公室工作者,坐辦公桌的人,文書。
(美) pencil pusher:辦公室工作者,坐辦公桌的人,文書。

paper pusher 在英式和美式英語中都可用。我們也可稱這些坐辦公桌、從事比較靜態工作的人為 push pen 或 push paper。至於辦公室的文書工作則稱為 pen-pushing, pencil-pushing 或 paper-pushing。


單字: PETROL, GAS (OR GASOLINE)
例句: (英) The car needs more petrol.
(美) The car is out of gas.
解釋: (英) petrol:汽油。
(美) gas 或 gasoline:汽油。


單字: PHONE-IN, CALL-IN
例句: (英) Many local stations broadcast characteristic phone-in programmes.
(美) Many local stations broadcast characteristic call-in programs.
解釋: (英) phone-in:叩應。
(美) call-in:叩應。
注意 programme (英) 和 program (美) 拼法的不同。


單字: PLAIT, BRAID
例句: (英) The little girl wore plaits/wore her hairs in plaits.
(美) The little girl wore braids/wore her hairs in braids.
解釋: (英) plait:辮子,髮辮。
(美) braid:辮子,髮辮。
這兩個字通常用做複數;在英國,plait 也叫做 pigtail。


單字: PRESS-UP, PUSH-UP
例句: (英) She does twenty press-ups every morning.
(美) She does twenty push-ups every morning.
解釋: (英) press-up:伏地挺身。
(美) push-up:伏地挺身。


單字: QUIETEN, QUIET
例句: (英) The children were shouting, but they soon quietened down.
(美) The mother quieted her frightened child.
解釋: (英) quieten:(v.i.) 平靜、安靜;(v.t.) 使 (恐懼等) 紓解、減輕。
(美) quiet:(v.i.) 平靜、安靜;(v.t.) 使 (恐懼等) 紓解、減輕。


單字: RECREATION GROUND, PLAYGROUND
例句: (英) The children were playing football on the recreation ground.
(美) The children were playing football on the playground.
解釋: (英) recreation ground:遊樂場,運動場 (包括棒球場、足球場、高球場)。
(美) playground:遊樂場,運動場 (包括棒球場、足球場、高球場)。

遊樂場也叫做 pleasure ground,amusement park,theme park (主題遊樂園)。


單字: RETURN (TICKET), ROUND-TRIP TICKET
例句: (英) The price is £1 single and £1.80 return.
(美) A round-trip ticket isusually cheaper than two one-way tickets.
解釋: (英) return (ticket):來回票,雙程票;return 可為名詞或形容詞。
(美) round-trip ticket:來回票,雙程票。


單字: RISE, RAISE
例句: (英) We all got a £6-a-week (pay) rise.
(美) Pamela just heard that he is getting a (pay) raise.
解釋: (英) rise:加薪。
(美) raise:加薪。


單字: RUBBISH, GARBAGE
例句: (英) My old Adidas trainers are in the rubbish.
(美) I threw the old apples in the garbage.
解釋: (英) rubbish:垃圾,廢物。
(美) garbage:垃圾,廢物。
refuse 也是「垃圾,廢物」,為比較正式的用字。


單字: SALOON (OR SALOON CAR), SEDAN
例句: (英) The richest man in my town has three saloons.
(美) The richest man in my town has three sedans.
解釋: (英) saloon 或 saloon car:大轎車。
(美) sedan:大轎車。


單字: SHOP ASSISTANT, SALESCLERK
例句: (英) "What size shoes do you need/wear/take?" the shop assistant asked.
(美) "What color trousers would you like?" the salesclerk asked.
解釋: (英) shop assistant:店員。
(美) salesclerk:店員。


單字: SINGLE (TICKET), ONE-WAY TICKET
例句: (英) A second class single to London, please.
(美) A first class one-way ticket to San Francisco, please.
解釋: (英) single (ticket):單程票;single 可為名詞或形容詞。
(美) one-way ticket:單程票。


單字: SKIP, JUMP ROPE
例句: (英) My daughter and son like to skip together.
(美) The athlete practiced jumping rope.
解釋: (英) skip:跳繩。
(美) jump rope:跳繩。


單字: SLEEPING PARTNER, SILENT PARTNER
例句: (英) This listed software giant has many sleeping partners.
(美) This listed software giant has many silent partners.
解釋: (英) sleeping partner:不參與經營的股東。
(美) silent partner:不參與經營的股東。


單字: STANDARD LAMP, FLOOR LAMP
例句: (英) This standard lamp offers elegant situation lighting.
(美) This floor lamp offers elegant situation lighting.
解釋: (英) standard lamp:落地燈。
(美) floor lamp:落地燈 (例句中的 "situation lighting" 意為「環境照明」)。


單字: SWOT (UP), GRIND (AWAY)
例句: (英) She's swoting up her English irregular verbs.
(美) They're grinding away for their exam/grinding away at their English irregular verbs.
解釋: (英) swot (up):用功讀書,埋首苦讀 (尤指考前臨時抱佛腳)。
(美) grind (away):用功讀書,埋首苦讀 (尤指考前臨時抱佛腳)。

這兩個字還可當名詞用,意思亦相同,意為「刻苦用功的人」(尤指考前才猛 K書的學生)。


單字: TAKEAWAY, TAKEOUT
例句: (英) Let's get a takeaway - I can't be bothered to cook.
(美) There's a Chinese takeout in the down center.
解釋: (英) takeaway:外帶餐館;外帶食品。
(美) takeout:外帶餐館;外帶食品。

美國的 takeout 亦可寫成 carryout; :外帶餐館亦可寫成 takeaway restaurant 或 takeout restaurant。


單字: TERRACED HOUSE, ROW HOUSE
例句: (英) I envy you your large terraced house in the downtown district.
(美) I have a row house in the country.
解釋: (英) terracedhouse:連棟房屋 (互相連接的一排房屋之一棟)。
(美) row house:連棟房屋 (互相連接的一排房屋之一棟)。

如果一排只有兩棟房屋,所以僅一側與另一屋相連,這種半獨立式的邊間房屋叫做 semi-detached house (英)/duplex (美);至於獨棟的房屋則叫做 detached house。


單字: TICK, CHECK
例句: (英) Please tick the second box from the top in the dialogue window. (將對話視窗中從上面算下來第二個方塊打勾)
(美) Please check the second box from the top in the dialogue window.
解釋: (英) tick:打勾號 (名詞),打勾 (動詞) -- 在電腦應用方面,一般都稱為「核取」(方塊)。
(美) check:打勾號 (名詞),打勾 (動詞)。


單字: TIMBER, LUMBER
例句: (英) The desk is made of timber.
(美) The desk is made of lumber.
解釋: (英) timber:木材。
(美) lumber:木材。


單字: TIN, CAN
例句: (英) My tin of Coke is almost empty. Can I get another?
(美) Can you get me a can of apple juice?
解釋: (英) tin:罐,罐頭。
(美) can:罐,罐頭。


單字: TORCH, FLASHLIGHT
例句: (英) The storm has knocked out the power. Get the torch.
(美) I can't see the problem. Maybe a flashlight would help.
解釋: (英) torch:手電筒。
(美) flashlight:手電筒。


單字: TOUT, SCALPER
例句: (英) A ticket tout offered me a £30 Wimbledon Tennis Championships final ticket for £120.
(美) A (ticket) scalper offered me a $30 US Open Tennis Championships final ticket for $120.
解釋: (英) tout:(賣黃牛票的) 黃牛。
(美) scalper:(賣黃牛票的) 黃牛。


單字: UNDERGROUND (OR TUBE), SUBWAY
例句: (英) He rides the underground to work every morning.
(美) He ride the subway to work every morning.
解釋: (英) underground 或 tube:地下鐵。
(美) subway:地下鐵。


單字: WINDSCREEN, WINDSHIELD
例句: (英) There were dead bugs on his windscreen.
(美) There were dead bugs on his windshield.
解釋: (英) windscreen:擋風玻璃。
(美) windshield:擋風玻璃。


單字: ZIP FASTENER, ZIPPER
例句: (英) This is a red zip fastener.
(美) Thatis a white zipper.
解釋: (英) zip fastener:拉鏈。
(美) zipper:拉鏈。

這兩者都可簡稱為 zip。

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 15:42:24

英美英文異趣(同字異義)

單字: BATHROOM
例句: (英國) Is there a bathroom in this old house?
(美國) Excuse me. Can you tell me where the bathroom is?
解釋: (英國) bathroom:浴室 (但通常附有廁所)
(美國) bathroom:廁所
附註:廁所在英文中有許多用字,再加上英美習慣用字的差異,讓我們只能浩嘆「廁所用字何其多」。在此,我們將把常用的字臚列出來,讓大家對這個我們每天必須光顧的地方的英文講法有個大概的瞭解,至於比較冷僻或難登大雅之堂的用字則「從缺」。國內常見的 WC (water closet) 是英式英語,但它跟另一個英式用字 lavatory 一樣,在英國已日漸過時;英國最通用的字是 toilet,而最普遍的非正式用語則是 loo;在英國,男廁叫做 (the) gents,女廁叫做 (the) ladies,公廁叫做 public convenience -- 在其他國家,公廁幾乎都稱為 public toilet。美國的廁所也叫做 toilet,但最常用的字是 bathroom, restroom 和 washroom (不分男女的洗手間),而美國相當常用的非正式用語則是 john。

男廁的通用講法是 men's toilet,女廁為 women's toilet -- 講到這裡,讓我想起中正國際機場竟然把男女洗手間寫成 men toilet 和 women toilet,真是貽笑國際人士,令人扼腕 -- 記得 men 和 women 一定要用 apostrophe -s 的所有格型態。比較文雅的說法是 men's room 或 gents' ,women's room 或 ladies' room。兒語的廁所叫做 potty。在美式英文中,can, privy, outhouse, jakes, head, bog 等字也用來表示不同場所的廁所。加拿大的廁所也叫做 biffy。

上廁所當然是大便 (defecate) 和小便 (urinate) -- 糞便叫做 feces 或 excrement,日常生活經常以 poo-poo 這個兒語的委婉語來表達;尿液叫做 urine,尿尿的非正式講法是 pee (動詞;名詞):I must go for/have a pee 我得去小便了。至於其他比較粗鄙的用字 (如 piss),不談也罷!

不過,話又說回來,講粗話有時可能升官,甚至登上總統寶座,或許貴國喜歡以不符身份的話語罵人的總統在做總統之前就是這個調調,可嘆的是他還是博士;言歸正傳,1999 年 8 月 4 日獲前俄羅斯總統葉爾辛提名出任總理的浦丁 (Vladimir Putin),一上任就對他眼中的恐怖份子車臣叛軍 (rebels of Chechnya -- 車臣只是俄羅斯的 89 個自治共和國之一) 採取強硬立場並於 9 月間出兵攻擊車臣。他曾說過這樣一句粗話 (剛好用到上面提過的兩個字):"We'll get them anywhere -- if we find terrorists sitting in the outhouse, then we will piss on them there. That is it." 意思是說,「無論天涯海角,我們都要逮到他們。如果我們發現那些恐怖份子坐在毛坑,我們會在他們身上撒泡尿。」浦丁於同年 12 月 31日在葉爾辛辭職後代理總統並在 2000 年 3 月當選總統。我認為在這個句子中,如果把 find 改成 catch,將更能表達他的憤怒 -- 使用 "to find/catch + 名詞或代名詞 + 動名詞" 的句型,這裡 find 和 catch 都是做 discover (發現) 解釋,但 catch 帶有強烈不悅和憤怒的意思。



單字: BE SICK
例句: (英國) I was sick yesterday. (我昨天吐了)
(美國) I was sick yesterday. (我昨天病了)
解釋: (英國) be sick:嘔吐
(美國) be sick:生病(= be ill)

附註: 在英式英語中,to be/feel sick 意為「嘔吐/想吐」,所以如果用 "I was sick yesterday." 來表示 "I was ill yesterday." (我昨天病了),則容易引起誤解。但在名詞之前用 sick 來表示「有病的」意思,則沒有這層顧慮,如 a sick child (一個有病的小孩),sick leave (病假)。再者,一般常用的生病講法有 to be ill, to fall ill, to become ill, to be taken ill 等,如 "He suddenly fell ill/was suddenly taken ill." (他突然病倒了)。此外,下面幾個表示身體和精神狀況的片語或成語也很常用:"I'm under the weather (= slightly ill)." (身體不舒服,微恙),"She looks a little off color today." (身體不好,氣色不佳);"I'm on top of the world/I feel like a million dollars.",這兩句都是表示「感到身體、精神很好,容光煥發,神采飛揚」,相當於 "I feel great!","I couldn't feel any better."。


單字: CHIPS
例句: (英國) We have to let our chips cool down before we can eat them.
(美國) At parties, we leave chips in a bowl for our guests.
解釋: (英國) chips:炸薯條 (hot, fried potato slices) -- 在美國,炸薯條叫做 French fries。
(美國/澳洲) chips:洋芋片 (dry, thinly sliced potatoes) -- 在英國, 洋芋片叫做 crisps。
chips 和 crisps 通常用複數,亦寫成 potato chips 和 potato crisps。


單字: INSTRUCTOR
例句: (英國) If you want to learn how to drive, you will need a driving instructor.
(美國) He is a social studies instructor in the university.
解釋: (英國) instructor:(技能或運動) 教練。
(美國) instructor:(大學)講師。


單字: MAD
例句: (英國) He is mad about football!
(美國) He is mad at you!
解釋: (英國) mad:著迷 (crazy),其後通常加 about 或 on 再接受詞。
(美國) mad:生氣 (angry),其後通常加 with 或 at 再接受詞。


單字: PANTS

例句: (英國) He wears his pants under his trousers.
(美國) He wears his underwear under his pants.
解釋: (英國) pants:內褲 (underwear -- 美國用這個字)
(美國) pants:褲子 (trousers -- 英國用這個字)


單字: PAVEMENT
例句: (英國) Children should walk on the pavement to prevent car accidents.
(美國) The pavement on the road has potholes in it.
解釋: (英國) pavement:人行道 (sidewalk -- 美國用這個字)
(美國) pavement:路面 (road surface)


單字: RUBBER
例句: (英國) There are two rubbers in his (school) satchel (or school bag).
(美國) A rubber is used as a means of birth control and a protection against disease.
解釋: (英國) rubber:橡皮擦 (eraser)。
(美國) rubber:保險套 (condom)。


單字: SPUNK
例句: (英國) 從缺
(美國) He gets his spunk up.
解釋: (英國) spunk:精液 (不雅)
(美國) spunk:勇氣,膽量 (形容詞:spunky)


單字: SURGERY; IN SURGERY
例句: (英國) The British physician is in his surgery.
(美國) The American surgeons are in surgery.
解釋: (英國) surgery:(執業醫生或牙醫的) 診所 (相當於 clinic);門診時間。
(美國) surgery:外科手術。
附註:在美國,所有外科 (手術) 療程 (surgical procedures),從比較小的診所手術 (office surgery) 到盲腸切除術 (appendectomy)、子宮切除術 (hysterectomy) 以及更重大的手術 (operations 或更明確地說 surgical operations),都可以用 surgery 來稱之。所以 (見例句),當美國外科醫生 (surgeons) 在 in surgery 時,意思是說他們正在給病人動手術;而英國醫生 in his surgery,意思是說他在他的診所裡 (替病人看診),當時是門診時間:"Their surgery/clinic is in Huanan Street." (他們的診所在華南街)。

美國的診所叫做 a/the doctor's office (這正是 office surgery 中 office 的意思)。中文「動手術」有兩個意思:一是醫生為病人開刀、施行手術,另一是病人接受手術;前者的英文叫做 to perform an operation (or a surgical procedure),後者叫做 to have (or undergo) an operation。「醫生為病人開刀」還有一慣用語 to operate on:"They operated on him for appendicitis yesterday." (他們昨天給他做了盲腸炎手術) -- 這個慣用語的句型是「operate on + 病人 + for +病名」;"She was operated on this morning."

單字: TRAINERS
例句: (英國) I bought a new pair of Addias trainers.
(美國) The trainers expect us to be in the gymnasium at 6 a.m.
解釋: (英國) trainers:運動鞋 (sports shoes) -- 在美國,運動鞋叫做 sneaker(s)。
(美國) trainers:教練 (people who help sports teams)。

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 22:47:23

何時使用 good 何時使用 well?

形容詞 good 都是修飾名詞,而副詞 well 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞。

1. He was a good teacher.
2. She spoke well.
3. The speech went well.

1. good modifies teacher
2. well modifies spoke
3. well tells how it went.


但有一點必須特別注意:連綴動詞後面都是用 good。

1. She felt good.
2. She sounded good on the phone.
3. Her performance was good.

連綴動詞包括所有 be 動詞型態 (am, is, are, was, were, have been, has been, had been, would be, will be 等), feel, look, sound, taste, apear, smell, 等等。

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 22:52:23

何謂述語主格和直接受詞子句?

述語主格 (predicate nominative) 又稱為主詞補語或述語名詞。在 "I am a student." 這個句子中,I = a student,而 a student 就是述語主格。當述語 (使句子意思完整的語詞) 就是主詞而且是個名詞時,它就被稱為述語主格;否則你只能叫它是使句子意思完整的語詞 (completer) 。

直接受詞子句 (direct object clause) 是名詞子句,但同時也是句子的直接受詞;它是由一組包含主詞和動詞的相關字所構成,當名詞用。例如,"The fire destroyed what he had spent a lifetime building." 中的子句 "what he had spent a lifetime building" 是這個句子的直接受詞。大火燒毀某物 (直接受詞)。大火所燒毀的東西是什麼呢? 答案就是這個直接受詞子句。

例如
"Give these old coats to whoever seems to need them the most."

在該句子中,whoever 是 "whoever seems to need them the most" 這子句的主詞,而整個子句當做介系詞 to 的受詞 (所以這個子句是介系詞的受詞,而不是直接受詞子句)。你必須確定 whoever、whomever 等不定關係代名詞是當主詞還是受詞用,才能使用正確、適當的字。在此,這個子句需要主詞,所以必須使用 whoever。

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 22:56:43

"bring" 和 "take" 之間的差異

也許你不相信,不少老外至死都弄不清楚這兩個字之間有什麼不同。

這兩個字的意思都是帶、拿、取,bring 只用來表示從一個較遠地方到一個較近地方的帶、拿動作,而 take 則用來表示其他任何帶、拿動作。First, take these books to the library for renewal, then take them to Mr. Daniels. Bring them back to me when he's finished. (首先把這些書拿到圖書館辦理續借,然後將它們拿給 Daniels 先生。他看完後再拿回來給我。)

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 23:01:12

定冠詞 "the" 的用法是否有規則可循?

這是個難度較高的問題。與所謂的「質量名詞」(mass noun) 有關。質量名詞是指通常不可數的單數名詞。但問題就出在許多名詞有時是質量名詞,有時又是可數名詞,如 school。

文法規則說,若一個複數名詞或質量名詞指的是它所表示的人事物的全部成員,則不加 the。所以,當你說 "I'm going to college." 時,你並未指任何特定的大學,因此也就不加定冠詞。一旦我們知道你所談論的是某所特定大學時,你就要說 "I'm going to the college."。

再舉兩個例子:"Men (不是 the men) are different from women (不是 the women).";"Democracy (不是 the democracy) fosters freedom (不是 the freedom) of expression (不是 the expression)."

VicChu 发表于 2004-12-14 23:07:15

何謂精減子句 (elliptical clause)?

精減子句是一種文法不完整但可以接受的子句,因為它的意思可以從句子的上下文清楚地表達出來 (記住:根據子句的定義,子句通常包含主詞和動詞)。

然而,精減子句大多是簡潔有力,而且正確的句子。根據我的文法參考手冊,最常被「精省」的元素是形容詞子句的關係代名詞 that, which 和 whom 或一項比較中第二部分的述語:

My father is taller than I (am).

Affection was about the only thing (that) my late husband didn't display.

Though (he was) often miserly at heart, he gladly paid for his daughter's wedding.
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