南山红树秀才林

VicChu

A.   When a sentence begins with an adverb negative in meaning:
    hardly, neither, never, no, not, scarcely, seldom, nowhere, etc.
            (but not no one, nobody, etc. used as nouns)
         
1.      He did not say a word in my favor.  
      Not a word did he say in my favor.
      Not until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the 77th U.S. Congress declared
war against Japan did the U.S. and China become allies.
      I could find him nowhere.  
              Nowhere could I find him.
              (I could not find him anywhere.)
         
2.      You must on no condition go alone.
On no condition must you go alone.

3.      He did not imply she was lazy in any way.
In no way did he imply she was lazy.

4.      She did not believe for an instant that he had lied.
Not for an instant did she believe that he had lied.

5.  He had no sooner reached his home than it began to rain.
             No sooner had he reached his home than it began to rain.
         
6.  The chance to visit the school did not come till last week.
             Not till last week did the chance come to visit the school.
         
7.  I can agree in neither case.
     In neither case can I agree.

8.  He hardly had any money.
             Hardly did he have any money.
         
9.      He didn’t want to buy that expensive house.
Neither (nor) did his wife.
(neither 是正式用法，nor是非正式用法。)

10. I (1) have(2) never(3) seen such a nice girl.
      Never (3) have (2) I (1) seen such a nice girl.

B. When a sentence begins with an adverb “so”

1.      Her English (1) is (2) so good (3) that all her classmates ask her for help.
      So (3) good is (2) her English (1) that all her classmates ask her for help.

2.      She (1) is (2) so understanding and tender (3) that everybody likes her.
      So understanding and tender (3) is (2) she(1) that everybody likes her.
      Compare: She is very understanding and tender,
so (連接副詞) everybody likes her.

3.      I can play the guitar.  So can she.

4.       I saw a movie yesterday.  So did she.

5.      She is an English teacher. So am I.

C. When a sentence begins with an adverb “only”

1. A student can make straight A’s only by studying hard.
    Only by studying hard can a student make straight A’s.

2. You can buy clothes and shoes like that only in Paris.
    Only in Paris can you buy clothes and shoes like that.

註：倒裝句(inverted sentence)是英文八種加強句法之一。

VicChu

英文科，不論哪種題型，都與文法息息相關，特擬文法總複習測驗50題及答案卷各一份，供網友自行測試。


1.        “Sir, you did not tell us to hand in our compositions today.”
“Yes, I did. I remember ____ you the day before yesterday.”
( a ) to tell  (b ) to have told  (c ) telling  (d ) told

2.        “The soup has no taste.”
“Why don’t you try ____ some salt in it?”
( a) to put  ( b) putting  ( c) having put  ( d) being put

3.        “Do you think that I should call him up now?”
“No. It is no use ____ him up at this time of the day.”
( a) called  ( b) to have called  ( c) to call  ( d) calling

4.        “I haven’t seen him for a long time.”
“He ____ all his time to study.”
( a) has devoting  ( b) has been devoted  ( c) has been devoting  
( d) has being devoted

5.        “Did you enjoy reading that novel?”
“Yes, ____ such an interesting novel.”
( a) never I have read  ( b) never have I read  ( c) ever I have read  
(d ) ever have I read

6.        “Did you hear that John failed the qualifying exam for studying abroad?”
“If he ____ harder, he wouldn’t have.”
(a ) studied  (b ) studies  (c ) has studied  (d ) had studied

7.        “Did Anne go to the party last night?”
“Yes, but she ____ have stayed home all evening and studied for TOEFL.”
(a ) may  (b )must  (c ) will  (d ) should

8.        Do you still study English?”
“Oh, yes, I ____ since my return from England.”
(a ) study  (b ) have been studying  (c ) have been studied  (d ) am studying

9.        “How many people will take the exam?”
“We notified 116 people, ____ have registered so far.”
( a) only 56 who  ( b) of whom only 56  ( c) only 56 of who  
( d) of whom only 56 of these

10.        “Did you read any of the famous writer’s books?”
“No. I don’t like ____ he writes.”
( a)    that  ( b) which  ( c) what  ( d) such

11.        “What did you do in the summer vacation?”
“I spent my summer vacation ____ around the world.”
( a) to travel  ( b) with traveling  ( c) at traveling  (d ) traveling

12.        “John said that he would quit his job.”
“Did he say ____ for quitting his job.”
( a) what his reason was  ( b) what was his reason  ( c) his reason was what  
( d) was what his reason

13.        “Why was she so nervous?”
“Because she is not used ____ in public.”
( a) speaking  ( b) to speak  ( c) to be spoken  ( d) to speaking

14.        “Why do you like Robert so much?”
“____ the boys I know, he is the most diligent.”
( a) To all  (b ) All of  (c ) Of all  (d ) As all

15.        “What kind of meat did you have at that restaurant?”
“I asked for pork chop but was given beef steak ____.”
(a ) otherwise  ( b) instead  ( c) instead of  (d ) rather than

16.        “What is your favorite hobby?”
“Since my childhood, I ____ fond of collecting stamps.”
(a ) am  (b ) have  (c ) was  (d ) have been

17.        “When is your sister going to leave for the United States?”
“She is leaving ____ the first of December.”
( a) at  ( b) in  ( c) on  ( d) for

18.        “Did you finish your homework last night?”
“Unfortunately not, despite ____.”
( a) my hoping of finishing  ( b) my hope of finishing  ( c) I hope to finish  
( d) I hope of finishing

19.        “Did you watch baseball games?”
“They used to ____ me, but not any more.”
( a) be interesting  ( b) be interested  ( c) interesting  ( d) interest

20.        “I have been thinking of buying a new car for a long time.”
“Would you consider ____ it now?”
( a) buying  ( b) to buy  ( c) of buying  ( d) about buying

21.        “Why was he so late for class?”
“Probably because of ____ the school bus.”
( a) he missed  ( b) his missing          ( c) his being missed  ( d) he having missed

22.        “Did you see anything about the traffic accident?”
“Yes, I saw the man ____ down by a speeding car.”
( a) knocked  ( b) knocking  ( c) was knocked  ( d) was knocking

23.        “Joe needs money badly.”
“I wish I ____ him some.”
( a) can give  ( b) give  ( c) could give  ( d) shall give

24.        “Have you seen our teacher yet?”
“Yes, and he asked that Jane ____ to see him at once.”
( a) to go  ( b) went  ( c) goes  ( d) go

25.        “Where was the little boy found?”
“He was found ____ in the middle of the street.”
( a) standing  ( b) to stand  ( c) being standing  ( d) stand

26.        “What will happen at the meeting tonight?”
“We are going to talk about the problem ____ at the last meeting.”
( a) was discuss  ( b) discussing  ( c) discussed  ( d) had been discussed

27.        “Why are you so tired?”
“My wife had me ____ her all the way to shopping mall.”
( a) to walk  ( b) walking  ( c) walk  ( d) walked

28.        “What happened after they reached a peace agreement?”
“They stopped ____ each other immediately.”
( a) fighting  ( b) to fight  ( c) fight  ( d) being fought

29.        “Did you ask her to come to see me?”
“I would ____ if you had told me to.”
( a) have  ( b) had had  ( c) have been  ( d) have had

30.        “May I invite George and Mary to the dinner tonight?”
“You may invite ____ you like.”
( a) anyone  ( b) everyone  ( c) whomever  ( d) whom

31.        “Will I have a good time in England?”
“That depends on how well ____.”
(a ) do you speak English  (b ) you speak English  (c ) English you speak  
(d ) you do speak English

32.        “Why does National Science Council give research grants?”
“Many professors would otherwise ____ the opportunity to go abroad for research.”
(a ) be lacking of  (b ) have lacking of  (c ) lack  (d ) lack of

33.        “Should I go to graduate school?”
“Yes, I suggest that you ____ to the United Kingdom for graduate study.”
(a ) go  (b ) going  (c ) be going  (d ) to go

34.        “How does your mother like her new washing machine?”
“She seems ____ with it.”
(a ) satisfying  ( b) satisfactory  (c ) to satisfy  (d ) satisfied

35.        “How long have you lived in Taipei?”
“By next December, I ____ in Taipei for ten years.”
(a ) will  (b ) will be living  (c ) would have lived  (d ) will have lived

36.        “Why did Professor Wang punish Mary?”
“He ____ in the examination.”
( a) caught her to be cheating  ( b) catches her cheating  (c ) caught her cheating          
(d ) caught her to cheat

37.        “Did you really stop smoking two months ago?”
“Yes, I ____ smoking for two months.”
( a) had not been  (b ) was not  (c ) have not been  (d ) have not been being

38.        “What will happen if he gets worse?”
“That might lead to ____ in a hospital.”
(a ) his being put  (b ) his putting  (c ) put him  (d ) him put

39.        “Will you get me a cup of coffee?”
“Yes, ____ me some money and I will.”
( a) that you give  ( b) whether you give  (c ) if you give  ( d) give

40.        “Why didn’t you bring me a piece of cake too?”
“____ me, I would have gotten you one.”
( a) You asked  ( b) Had you asked  ( c) Asking  ( d) If you have asked

41.        “Are you going to the play tonight?:
“No, I’m not and my wife isn’t ____.”
( a) too  ( b) also  (c ) either  ( d) neither

42.        “Do you think the new book is good?”
“Yes, it is worth ____.”
( a) reading  (b ) to read  (c ) to be read  (d ) to be reading

43.        “Is he usually so generous?”
“Oh, no, sir; hardly ever ____ generous before.”
( a) has he been  ( b) is he  ( c) he has been  ( d) he was

44.        “Would you like to go for a walk with us?”
“Yes, I’d like to, and ____ my brother.”
( a) so would  ( b) so  (c ) so does  ( d) also would

45.        “These flowers are the freshest I could find.”
“They smell ____.”
( a) sweetly  ( b) to be sweet  (c ) to sweet  (d ) sweet

46.        “Was it easy to fill out the application?”
“No, It required too ____.”
(a ) many information  (b ) many informations  (c ) much information  
(d ) much informations

47.        “I hear that your sister wants to go to medical college.”
“____ she decides to go, she’ll have to study hard.”
(a ) If  (b ) Would  (c ) Whether  (d ) Should

48.        “What is your field of study?”
“I haven’t ____ it yet.”
(a ) chosed  (b ) chosen  (c ) choose  (d ) choosen

49.        “I saw a pretty girl student in the dining hall.”
“That was the girl student ____ in the dormitory next to the dining hall.”
( a) that lives  (b ) she lives  (c ) lives  ( d) which lives

50.        “I heard that your sister is going to get married next month.”
“____ told you that is wrong.”
(a ) Who  (b ) Whoever  (c ) Whomever  (d ) Someone

VicChu

在某些片語中 Go 的後面跟動名詞 (gerund)，大多表示是休閒活動。

例如：My mother and my sister go shopping quite often.

      They go fishing every weekend after retirement.

go bird watching
去賞鳥
go mountaineering
去爬山

go boating
去划船
go rock climbing
去攀崖

go bowling
去打保齡球
go running
去跑步

go camping
去露營
go sailing
去划船

go canoeing
去划獨木舟
go sightseeing
去觀光

go cycling
去騎單車
go skiing
去滑雪

go electioneering
去辦理選務工作
go sledding
去坐雪橇

go fishing
去釣魚
go sloganeering
去呼口號

go grass skiing
去滑草
go  snorkeling
去浮潛

go hiking
徒步旅遊
go surfing
去衝浪

go hunting
去打獵
go surfing the Net
網上瀏覽

go ice-skating
去溜冰
go swimming
去游泳

go inline skating
去溜單排輪
go tobogganing
去坐平底雪橇

go jogging
去慢跑
go walking
去散步

go mountain climbing
去爬山
go window shopping
去逛街

VicChu

下列動詞及形容詞後的名詞子句中的動詞須用原形動詞：


1. 動詞
  

1) suggest
I suggested that he pay the money immediately. (Am. English)

I suggested that he should pay the money immediately. (Br.English)

Her expression suggested that she was angry. (本句中suggested 意為

「表示」、「使人以為」等，而非「建議」，故未用原形動詞)

2) propose
I proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting.

3) move
I moved that the meeting be adjourned for the time being.

4) insist
I insisted that he go to the library to borrow some books to read.

5) urge
It was urged that martial law be lifted next September.

6) demand
The criminal came to her house and demanded that she help him.

7) desire
The woman desired that all the letters be burnt after her death.

8) advise
I advised her that she be patient and wait until the next week.

9) ask
I asked that I be allowed to see the injured student as soon as possible.

10) command
The General Wang commanded that we attack the enemy at once.

11) instruct
The judge instructed the witness that he tell the whole truth.

12) order
The police officer ordered that the policemen fire the guns.

13) request
The professor requested that she write a term paper as soon as possible.

14) require
The boss required that all his employees work 16 hours a day.

15) recommend
I recommend that everyone student buy this grammar book.




2. 形容詞
  

15) advisable
It is advisable that he leave school as soon as possible.

16) anxious
He was anxious that his father have all she wants.

17) essential
It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities.

18) necessary
It was necessary that her parents be informed of her whereabouts.

19) important
It was important that every student turn in his term paper at the end of the semester.

20) imperative
It is imperative that she write her reearch paper at once.

21) better
It is better that the President (Nixon) leave office than fight and keep it.

22) resolved
It is resolved at the committee that the manager be fired. (The committee resolved to fire the manager.)

VicChu

1.          Idle young, needy old. 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。

2.          Familiarity breeds contempt. 虎生猶可近，人熟不堪親。

3.          Homer sometimes nods. 智者千慮，必有一失

4.          Art is long; life is short. 學海無涯，人生苦短。

5.          Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。

6.          Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

7.          Accidents will happen. 天有不測風雲，人有旦夕禍福。

8.          Bad news travels fast. (好事不出門)，惡事傳千里。

9.          Look before you leap. 三思而後行。

10.      Waste not,  want not. 細水長流。

11.      Cast pearls before swine. 對牛彈琴。

12.      Time flies. 光陰似箭，日月如梭。

13.      Seeing is  believing. 百聞不如一見。

14.      Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

15.      Let sleeping dogs lie. 勿惹事生非。

16.      Love is blind. 愛是盲目的。

17.      Health is wealth. 健康即財富。

18.      Haste makes waste. 欲速則不達。

19.      Knowledge is power. 知識即力量。

20.      Money makes the mare go. 有錢能使鬼推磨。

21.      Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬, 十年怕井繩。

22.      I think; therefore, I am. 我思故我在。

23.      Murder will out. 若要人不知，除非已莫為。

24.      No cross, no crown. 不受苦中苦，難得甜中甜。

25.      Still waters run deep. 深藏不露。

26.      Walls have ears. 隔牆有耳。

27.      New brooms  sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火。

28.      Let bygones be bygones. 既往不究。

29.      Paddle your own canoe. 自力更生。

30.      Time waits for no man. 時不我予。

31.      Silence is gold. 沉默是金。

32.      Silence gives consent. 沉默即同意。

33.      First Come, first served. 先到是君，後到是臣 (捷足先登)。

34.      Exchange is no robbery. 一個願打，一個願挨。

35.      Better bend than break. 委曲求全。

36.      Care killed a cat. 憂能傷人。

37.      Spare the rod and spoil the child. 不打不成器。玉不琢不成器。

38.      Time is money. 一刻千金。

39.      Times change. 時過境遷。

40.      There is no place like home. 在家千日好，出門時時難。

41.      Blood is thicker than water.  血濃於水。

42.      Well begun is half done. 好的開始是成功的一半。

43.      There is honor among thieves. 盜亦有道。

44.      Grasp all, lose all. 貪他一斗米，失卻半年糧。

45.      Easier said than done. 說來容易做來難。

46.      East or west, home is best. 金窩，銀窩，不如自己的狗窩。

47.      East come, easy go. 來得容易去得快。

48.      People will talk.  人們會說長道短。

49.      Patience is a virtue. 小不忍而亂大謀。

50.      Through hardship to the stars. 筍因落籜方成竹，
魚因奔波始化龍。

51.  Danger past, God forgotten. 過河拆橋。

52.  Out of debt, out of danger. 無債一身輕。

53.  Out of sight, out of mind. 離久情疏。眼不見，心不煩。

54.  Nothing is perfect. 山中無直樹，世上無完人。

55.  Ill weeds grow apace. 小人當道。

56.  Tastes differ. 各有所好。

57.  Opportunity seldom knocks twice. 時機不可失。

58.  Opportunity makes the thief. 財不露白。

59.  Never judge by appearances. 凡人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

60.  Lightly come, lightly go. 來得容易去得快。

61.  Cast not the first stone. 責人之心責己，恕已之心恕人。

62.  Every cloud has a silver lining。塞翁失馬，焉知非福。

63.  Every dog has his day.  十年河東，十年河西。
十年河東轉河西，莫笑窮人穿破衣。

64.  It takes two to make a quarrel.  一個巴掌拍不響。

65.  Custom makes all things easy. 習慣成自然。

66.  Never do things by halves. 有始有終。

67.  Beauty is but skin deep. 美貌只是皮相。

68.  Keep something for a rainy day. 未雨綢繆。

69.  Love will find a way. 終成眷屬。

70.  More haste, less speed. 欲速則不達。

71.  We reap what we sow. 種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。

72.  The pot calls the kettle black. 五十步笑百步。

73.  A watched pot never boils. 心急水不沸。

74.  Make hay while the sun shines. 趁熱打鐵。

75.  Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。

76.  A stitch in time saves nine. 防微杜漸。

77.  Man proposes, God disposes.
謀事在人，成事在天。
萬般都是命，半點不由人。

78.  Might is right. 強權即公理。

79.  Too many cooks spoil the broth. 人多手雜。

80.  Two heads are better than one. 集思廣益。
三個臭皮匠，勝過諸葛亮。

81.  Prevention is better than cure. 預防勝於治療。

82.  Actions speak louder than words. 坐而言不如起而行。

83.  All’s well that ends well. 結尾好的事都是好事。

84.  The bitter is sometimes bit. 害人反害己。

85.  Extremes meet. 物極必反。

86.  Every man has his taste. 各有所好。

87.  Nothing comes from nothing. 事出必有因。

88.  Live and learn. 活到老學到老。

89.  In wine there is truth. 酒後吐真言。

90.  Charity begins at home. 百善家為先。

91.  Life is sweet. 人生真美。

92.  Marriage comes by destiny. 姻緣命中注定。

93.  Any port in a storm. 聊勝於無。

94.  The bait hides the hook. 口蜜腹劍。

95.  Best is cheapest. 買貨買得真，折本折得輕。

96.  The biter is sometimes bit. 惡人自有惡人磨。

97.  The best of friends must part.天下無不散的宴席。

98.  Bread is the staff of life. 人是鐵，飯是剛。

99.  Brevity is the soul of wit.要言不煩。

100.  Call a spade a spade.直言不諱。

VicChu

source language----原語或稱譯出語
英文譯為中文時，英文即為原語。
例如：Love means never having to say you are sorry. (原語)
　
target language----譯語或稱譯入語
英文譯為中文時，中文即為譯語。
例如：愛到深處無怨尤。(譯語)
　
信，達，雅----嚴復:「譯事三難：信，達，雅」
信----對原文的忠實。達----譯文明白順暢。雅----譯文文字优雅。
Example：
". . . that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.” (Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address 林肯蓋茨堡講詞)
這個民有，民治，民享的國家，將不會從地球上消失。(信、達)
使民有，民治，民享的政府，能長存於世。(達、雅)
由以上兩句之中譯可見既信、又達、且雅之不易。


直譯與意譯
直譯是將原文的字面意義翻譯出來。
例如：(1) between the devil and the deep sea 在魔鬼與深海之間。
            (2) Danger past, God forgotten. 渡過危險，忘了上帝。
            (3) 「前人種樹，後人乘涼。」
One generation plants the trees, another gets the shade.


意譯是將原文的深層意義翻譯出來。
例如：(1) between the devil and the deep sea. 進退維谷
             (2) Danger past, God forgotten. 過河拆橋。
             (3) The work of the predecessors benefits the successors.

One man sows and another man reaps.

One beats the bush, and another catches the birds.

              

在「中英翻譯自修大綱」中另有十句可供參閱。





形似派與神似派
形似派是指主張直譯的學者們，因為直譯的譯文與原文雖然是兩種不同的文字，但表面意義相同，如同兩個人，雖然衣著不同，但相貌相似。
神似派是指主張意譯的學者們，因為意譯的譯文與原文不但是兩種不同的文字，而且譯文與原文字面意義也不盡相同，如同兩個人，外形雖然不同，但   神情相似。
例如：Life is half made up of partings.
形似派：人生一半是離別造成的。神似派：人生聚散無常。
最好的譯文是神形皆似。神形皆似：人生有聚有散。
形似派又稱科學派，神似派又稱藝術派。

VicChu

最初由[VicChu]发布
英文文法總複習測驗

英文科，不論哪種題型，都與文法息息相關，特擬文法總複習測驗50題及答案卷各一份，供網友自行測試。


1.        “Sir, you did not tell us to hand in our compositions today.”
“Yes, I did. I remember ____ you the day before yesterday.”
( a ) to tell  (b ) to have told  (c ) telling  (d ) told

2.        “The soup has no taste.”
“Why don’t you try ____ some salt in it?”
( a) to put  ( b) putting  ( c) having put  ( d) being put

3.        “Do you think that I should call him up now?”
“No. It is no use ____ him up at this time of the day.”
( a) called  ( b) to have called  ( c) to call  ( d) calling

4.        “I haven’t seen him for a long time.”
“He ____ all his time to study.”
( a) has devoting  ( b) has been devoted  ( c) has been devoting  
( d) has being devoted

5.        “Did you enjoy reading that novel?”
“Yes, ____ such an interesting novel.”
( a) never I have read  ( b) never have I read  ( c) ever I have read  
(d ) ever have I read

6.        “Did you hear that John failed the qualifying exam for studying abroad?”
“If he ____ harder, he wouldn’t have.”
(a ) studied  (b ) studies  (c ) has studied  (d ) had studied

7.        “Did Anne go to the party last night?”
“Yes, but she ____ have stayed home all evening and studied for TOEFL.”
(a ) may  (b )must  (c ) will  (d ) should

8.        Do you still study English?”
“Oh, yes, I ____ since my return from England.”
(a ) study  (b ) have been studying  (c ) have been studied  (d ) am studying

9.        “How many people will take the exam?”
“We notified 116 people, ____ have registered so far.”
( a) only 56 who  ( b) of whom only 56  ( c) only 56 of who  
( d) of whom only 56 of these

10.        “Did you read any of the famous writer’s books?”
“No. I don’t like ____ he writes.”
( a)    that  ( b) which  ( c) what  ( d) such

11.        “What did you do in the summer vacation?”
“I spent my summer vacation ____ around the world.”
( a) to travel  ( b) with traveling  ( c) at traveling  (d ) traveling

12.        “John said that he would quit his job.”
“Did he say ____ for quitting his job.”
( a) what his reason was  ( b) what was his reason  ( c) his reason was what  
( d) was what his reason

13.        “Why was she so nervous?”
“Because she is not used ____ in public.”
( a) speaking  ( b) to speak  ( c) to be spoken  ( d) to speaking

14.        “Why do you like Robert so much?”
“____ the boys I know, he is the most diligent.”
( a) To all  (b ) All of  (c ) Of all  (d ) As all

15.        “What kind of meat did you have at that restaurant?”
“I asked for pork chop but was given beef steak ____.”
(a ) otherwise  ( b) instead  ( c) instead of  (d ) rather than

16.        “What is your favorite hobby?”
“Since my childhood, I ____ fond of collecting stamps.”
(a ) am  (b ) have  (c ) was  (d ) have been

17.        “When is your sister going to leave for the United States?”
“She is leaving ____ the first of December.”
( a) at  ( b) in  ( c) on  ( d) for

18.        “Did you finish your homework last night?”
“Unfortunately not, despite ____.”
( a) my hoping of finishing  ( b) my hope of finishing  ( c) I hope to finish  
( d) I hope of finishing

19.        “Did you watch baseball games?”
“They used to ____ me, but not any more.”
( a) be interesting  ( b) be interested  ( c) interesting  ( d) interest

20.        “I have been thinking of buying a new car for a long time.”
“Would you consider ____ it now?”
( a) buying  ( b) to buy  ( c) of buying  ( d) about buying

21.        “Why was he so late for class?”
“Probably because of ____ the school bus.”
( a) he missed  ( b) his missing          ( c) his being missed  ( d) he having missed

22.        “Did you see anything about the traffic accident?”
“Yes, I saw the man ____ down by a speeding car.”
( a) knocked  ( b) knocking  ( c) was knocked  ( d) was knocking

23.        “Joe needs money badly.”
“I wish I ____ him some.”
( a) can give  ( b) give  ( c) could give  ( d) shall give

24.        “Have you seen our teacher yet?”
“Yes, and he asked that Jane ____ to see him at once.”
( a) to go  ( b) went  ( c) goes  ( d) go

25.        “Where was the little boy found?”
“He was found ____ in the middle of the street.”
( a) standing  ( b) to stand  ( c) being standing  ( d) stand

26.        “What will happen at the meeting tonight?”
“We are going to talk about the problem ____ at the last meeting.”
( a) was discuss  ( b) discussing  ( c) discussed  ( d) had been discussed

27.        “Why are you so tired?”
“My wife had me ____ her all the way to shopping mall.”
( a) to walk  ( b) walking  ( c) walk  ( d) walked

28.        “What happened after they reached a peace agreement?”
“They stopped ____ each other immediately.”
( a) fighting  ( b) to fight  ( c) fight  ( d) being fought

29.        “Did you ask her to come to see me?”
“I would ____ if you had told me to.”
( a) have  ( b) had had  ( c) have been  ( d) have had

30.        “May I invite George and Mary to the dinner tonight?”
“You may invite ____ you like.”
( a) anyone  ( b) everyone  ( c) whomever  ( d) whom

31.        “Will I have a good time in England?”
“That depends on how well ____.”
(a ) do you speak English  (b ) you speak English  (c ) English you speak  
(d ) you do speak English

32.        “Why does National Science Council give research grants?”
“Many professors would otherwise ____ the opportunity to go abroad for research.”
(a ) be lacking of  (b ) have lacking of  (c ) lack  (d ) lack of

33.        “Should I go to graduate school?”
“Yes, I suggest that you ____ to the United Kingdom for graduate study.”
(a ) go  (b ) going  (c ) be going  (d ) to go

34.        “How does your mother like her new washing machine?”
“She seems ____ with it.”
(a ) satisfying  ( b) satisfactory  (c ) to satisfy  (d ) satisfied

35.        “How long have you lived in Taipei?”
“By next December, I ____ in Taipei for ten years.”
(a ) will  (b ) will be living  (c ) would have lived  (d ) will have lived

36.        “Why did Professor Wang punish Mary?”
“He ____ in the examination.”
( a) caught her to be cheating  ( b) catches her cheating  (c ) caught her cheating          
(d ) caught her to cheat

37.        “Did you really stop smoking two months ago?”
“Yes, I ____ smoking for two months.”
( a) had not been  (b ) was not  (c ) have not been  (d ) have not been being

38.        “What will happen if he gets worse?”
“That might lead to ____ in a hospital.”
(a ) his being put  (b ) his putting  (c ) put him  (d ) him put

39.        “Will you get me a cup of coffee?”
“Yes, ____ me some money and I will.”
( a) that you give  ( b) whether you give  (c ) if you give  ( d) give

40.        “Why didn’t you bring me a piece of cake too?”
“____ me, I would have gotten you one.”
( a) You asked  ( b) Had you asked  ( c) Asking  ( d) If you have asked

41.        “Are you going to the play tonight?:
“No, I’m not and my wife isn’t ____.”
( a) too  ( b) also  (c ) either  ( d) neither

42.        “Do you think the new book is good?”
“Yes, it is worth ____.”
( a) reading  (b ) to read  (c ) to be read  (d ) to be reading

43.        “Is he usually so generous?”
“Oh, no, sir; hardly ever ____ generous before.”
( a) has he been  ( b) is he  ( c) he has been  ( d) he was

44.        “Would you like to go for a walk with us?”
“Yes, I’d like to, and ____ my brother.”
( a) so would  ( b) so  (c ) so does  ( d) also would

45.        “These flowers are the freshest I could find.”
“They smell ____.”
( a) sweetly  ( b) to be sweet  (c ) to sweet  (d ) sweet

46.        “Was it easy to fill out the application?”
“No, It required too ____.”
(a ) many information  (b ) many informations  (c ) much information  
(d ) much informations

47.        “I hear that your sister wants to go to medical college.”
“____ she decides to go, she’ll have to study hard.”
(a ) If  (b ) Would  (c ) Whether  (d ) Should

48.        “What is your field of study?”
“I haven’t ____ it yet.”
(a ) chosed  (b ) chosen  (c ) choose  (d ) choosen

49.        “I saw a pretty girl student in the dining hall.”
“That was the girl student ____ in the dormitory next to the dining hall.”
( a) that lives  (b ) she lives  (c ) lives  ( d) which lives

50.        “I heard that your sister is going to get married next month.”
“____ told you that is wrong.”
(a ) Who  (b ) Whoever  (c ) Whomever  (d ) Someone

答案

1.   C        2.   B        3    D        4.   C         5.   B
6.   D        7.   D        8    B        9    B        10. C
11. D        12. A        13. D        14. C        15. B
16. D        17. C        18. B        19. D        20. A
21. B         22. A        23. C        24. D        25. A
26. C        27. C        28. A        29. A        30. D
31. B        32. C        33. A        34. D        35. D
36. C        37. C        38. A        39. D        40. B
41. C        42. A        43. A        44. A        45. D
46. C        47. A        48. B        49. A        50. B


英文文法總複習測驗解析


1.        remember + v + ing = remember what one has done or what has happened.
remember + to + v = remember what one has to do.
2.        try + v + ing = use something, do something, as an experiment or test, to see whether it is satisfactory.
try + to + v = make an attempt to; used for things that are difficult.
3.        It is not good / It is no use + v + ing
4.        one devotes one’s time to / one is devoted to + v + ing (or noun)
5.        Never (have I) or other negative words to begin a sentence, use inverted sentence order.
6.        If + subj. + had + p.p., subj. + would/ could/ might/ should + have + p.p.
(unreal past)
9.        We notified 116 people. Only 56 of them have registered so far. We notified 28 people, of whom only 7 have registered so far.
10.        what = the thing(s) which …
I don’t like the thing which Johnson writes.
11.        spend + in + v + ing / spend + v + ing
spend + on + noun (I spent a lot of money on books.)
12.        direct question: What was his reason?
indirection question: What his reason was.
13.        used to + v; be used to + v + ing
14.        He is the most diligent of all the boys I know. (unemphatic)
Of all the boys I know, he is the most diligent. (emphatic)
15.        instead of + n/ pron.; instead of + v + ing
16.        since (indicating time) followed by perfect tense.
17.        on a certain day
18.        despite (in spite of) + noun
19.        see 13
20.        consider + v + ing (Memorize those verbs and phrases followed by gerund.)
22.        I saw the man (who was) knocked down by a speeding car.
24.        ask/ asked that + subj. + verb (present tense)
ask/ asked that + subj. + should + verb (Memorize those verbs and adjectives followed by this pattern)
25.        see/ find someone coming (indicating complete or incomplete action)
see/ find someone come (indicating complete action only)
26.        “We are going to talk about the problem (which was) discussed at the last meeting
27.        make/ have followed by infinitive without “to”
28.        stop + v + ing = to stop the action of what one is doing
stop + to + v = to stop what one is doing in order to do something else.
29.        see 6
30.        whomever = the man whom.
31.        She is satisfied with it. She seems satisfied with it.
32.        future perfect tense
33.        I have not been smoking for two months.
Or: I have not smoked for two months.
34.        lead to + v + ing (“To” in this sentence is a preposition.)
35.        (You) give me some money and I will. (main clause + and + main clause)
If you give some money, I will. (subordinate clause + main clause)
36.        Had you asked me = If you had asked me/ see 6
42.        worth + v + ing
43.        see 5
44.        I’m a student, and so is my roommate. I will go, and so will my roommate.
45.        taste/ smell/ feel + adj.
46.        no plural forms for furniture, advice, news, chalk, information, etc.
49.        That was the girl that/ who lives in the dormitory next to the dining hall.
50.        whoever = the man who (Compare with 30)

红 树 林

WONDERFUL.

THANKS   A   MILLION. :smile:  

VicChu

學習英文、增進英文閱讀能力的管道很多，例如：閱讀英文散文、英文小說、英文劇本、英文報章雜誌等。若就內容的現代感、多元化、生活化、知識性、實用性與時效性來說，無疑是英文報紙及英語新聞廣播。

我國古人所謂的「秀才不出門，能知天下事」，以及兒時讀我國章回小說中所描述的「順風耳」、「千里眼」，在科技發達之後，一一成為事實。如果我們英語文有相當程度的話，更能體會這一事實，因為我們可以閱讀國內外的中英文報章雜誌，可以收聽國外的英語新聞廣播及網路廣播，可以收看國外的英語電視新聞。但是尚在學習英語文階段的學生們或社會人士，在閱讀英文報章雜誌，收聽英語新聞廣播及網路廣播，或收看英語電視新聞的時候，常感覺到所讀與所聽的英文與英語在教科書裡不常見，而且既使查字典，也只能查到一個一個的單字，多數的語詞查不到，例如：(1) zero-sum game (零和遊戲)，我手邊多本國內出版的英漢字典中，除了一本「英漢活用辭典」中有zero-sum (贏虧、勝負相扺銷的)一字之外，無此一詞。其他如 (2) win-win situation (雙贏局面)， (3) lose-lose situation (雙輸局面)，(4) traditional industry (傳統產業)， (5) sex industry (色情行業)，( 6) sex shop (情趣商店)，(7) drug lord (毒梟)，( 8) drug trade (毒品交易)，(9) drug smuggling (毒品走私)，(10) landing visa (落地簽証)，(11) admission through screening and recommendation (推薦甄試)等，亦復如此。另如 (12) sunset industry (夕陽工業)， (13) service industry (服務業)兩詞，多數字典中均沒有。此外，industry (工業)一字，在上述 (4)，(5)，(12)，及(13) 中各有不同的中文翻譯。

「工欲善其事，必先利其器」 (One who wishes to be good at his work should sharpen his tools first.)。因此，如果我們在閱讀國內外的英文報章雜誌，收聽國內外的英語新聞廣播及網路廣播，或收看國內外的英語電視新聞時，為了排除閱讀及收聽方面的障礙，及擺脫字典上查不到的困境，卻又能增進我們對新聞英語及新聞英文的了解，我們必須學習英漢新聞語詞。

VicChu

我們在學習英文的過程中，通常是先學英文單字，後學成語，再用成語練習造句，最後學習作文。但在一篇作文中，我們用過幾個英文成語？ 極少，因為對成語的使用比較沒有把握。在「國語」課中，我們還有一項練習，那就是「造詞」。我認為「造詞」很重要，因為句子是「字」與「詞」累積起來的。例如：我們在練習英文作文時要表達「我們的校醫說，上學年有幾位學童在校車上受傷，督學曾來校調查。」校醫，學年，學童，校車，督學是五個詞，而不是五個字。如果沒有學習造詞，則不知如何表達校醫，學年，學童，校車，督學。如果有過學習造詞的經驗，則會利用己經學過的單字，造出這五個語詞。我們學過school, 此外也學過doctor, year, children, bus, inspector, 只要把school與doctor, year, children, bus, inspector,個別配對成雙即可，豈非輕而易舉？另外，我們把school與age, district, fee, house, report, 個別配對成雙，又可增加五個語詞：school age(學齡), school district(學區), school fee(學費), school house(校舍), school report(成績單)。我們原本認識school, doctor, year, child, bus, inspector, district, fee, house, report, age十一單字,但把school與另外十個單字個別配對成雙之後,增加十個語詞,不但不費吹灰之力,而且大大豐富了我們英文作文的詞彙。我們也可以把另一組十個單字放在school的前面,與school個別配對成雙,又可增加十個語詞。例如：boarding school(住宿學校), day school(日校), elementary school(小學), high school(中學), law school(法學院), medical school(醫學院), mission school(教會學校), night school, (夜校) secondary school(中學), Sunday school(主日學校)。
把這樣兩個單字的組合,構成一個新的語意,稱之為「雙字詞」,並用英文命名為two-word noun. 它不同於英文「複合字」(compound word).「複合字」是指兩個英文單字連寫在一起。例如：classroom(教室),classmate(同班同學),bookcase(書架),blackboard(黑板),blacklist(黑名單),blacksmith(鐵匠), goldsmith(金匠), silversmith(銀匠), shortcut (捷徑)等等。「雙字詞」可分下列三類：
第一類----形容詞 + 名詞
active participant        積極參與者        inner grace        內在美
adverse effect        反效果        internal reality        內在
artistic temperament        藝術氣質        inward personality        內向個性
bilingual country        雙語國家        knowing smile        會心微笑
ceremonial post        虛位        living example        活的例子
cold attitude        泠淡態度        mental arithmetic        心算
dead rule        死的規則        outgoing personality        外向個性
desirable job        理想工作        patriotic feelings        愛國心
distant relative        遠親        Physical beauty        外在美
double standard        雙重標準        practical experience        實際經驗
external appearance        外在        silent majority        沉默大眾
false pride        虛榮心        silent recipient        沉默接受者
fruitful results        豐碩的成果        thankless job        吃力不討好的工作
　
第二類----名詞 + 名詞
book knowledge        書本知識        language ability        語言能力
brain drain        人才外流        leisure activity        休閒活動
case study        個案研究        money policy        貨幣政策
childhood romance        青梅竹馬        neighborhood watch        守望相助
consolation prize        精神獎        paper weight        紙鎮
entry permit        入境證        prize money        獎金
exit permit        出境證        protection money        保護費
family tree        家譜        rice paper        宣紙
food store        食品店        social death        身敗名裂
foot race        競走        stage fright        怯場
fruit stand        水果攤        tap water        自來水
generation gap        代溝        theft ring        竊盜集團
ghost writer        捉刀者        tree ring        年輪
　
第三類----兩個名詞位置互調
cane sugar        蔗糖        sugar cane        甘蔗
study group        研究小組        group study        小組究研
meter taxi        計程車        taxi meter        計程表
picture word        象形文字        word picture        生動之文字描述
problem youth        問題青年        youth problem        青年題問
student teacher        實習老師        teacher student        帶職進修老師
　
由此可見，只要我們平時在閱讀時,刻意地去注意「雙字詞」,並勤加練習造詞,我們就可以將所學過的單字組合成數以千計的「雙詞」。讓我們大家一起來做紅娘,將我們已經學過的單字配對成雙。

VicChu

新聞雜誌標題（Title）和新聞報紙標題（Headline）兩者性質不盡相同：後者常作驚人之語，以一語道破，一目瞭然的手法，頗有’’語不驚人死不休’’之意；而前者則用較含蓄、神秘、暗示的方式來表示標題。

最理想標題的文字是以正確（Exact），具體（Concrete）及簡鍊（Concise）為主。換言之，作者常挖空心思，引經據典，斟酌再三才寫出標題，本文將解析標題的特殊構造及其含意，並舉例說明：

最常見又最短之標題為一個字，兩個字和三個字

通常以名詞為主：如

一個字標題：                              兩個字標題

Swapathon（交換比賽）                       New Broom     （新人新政，而非新掃把）

Kissathon （接吻比賽）                        White Elephant（重看不中用，而非白象）

Gorbimania（戈巴契夫迷）                  Thumbs Down（表示拒絕之意）

Rubikmania（魔術方塊迷）                 Sacred Cow（不准批評的人或事情，而非聖牛）



三個字標題：

The 1997 Question          （香港大限問題）

The Death Penalty           （死刑）

The Revolving Door        （內閣改組）

其次，是引經據典或引用名人名句寫成之標題，如：



源自莎士比亞之名句，<To be or not to be , that is a question> 生或死，是個問題。



以此句型作藍本，而衍生之標題不勝枚舉，如：

To Run or Not To Run     （競選或不競選）

To Aid or Not To Aid      （援助或不援助）

To ABC or Not To ABC  （學英文或不學英文）



按：當年教育部正考慮小學是否該開始學英文，新聞雜誌(Newsweek)以此作為標題報導。



源自杜魯門總統之名言 < The buck stops here >



1. Where the Buck Stops(推諉責任止於何處)

     表示不准推諉責任（no buck-passing）：

     Buck 在此是指Pass the buck 的buck.

     按：布希擔任總統即將滿四年，其政策為重外交，而輕內政，決策大都優柔寡

斷，猶豫不決，遇到政策上之困難動輒便歸罪責難別人，或政擊批評國會。

因此名聲直落谷底。美國新聞及世界報導（The U.S. News &World Report）

總編輯茲柯曼（Zukermam）以此為標題擇文，大肆諷刺布希當政之軟弱無能



2. The Really Big Bucks Stop Here（真正多數的億萬富翁在此）

    杜氏名言中之’’buck’’意指美金一元，原句之意為用錢要節儉（belt-tightening）

    按：近期之Forbes雜誌，每年例行選出世界200位億萬富翁的名單中，美國竟佔

有101位，因此時代雜誌（TIME）就以此為標題作報導。



源自黑人民權鬥士金恩博士之言 <Black is beautiful>



金恩博士為黑人爭取與白人有相同之民權，而提出’’Black is beautiful’’（黑人也不錯）的口號來鼓勵黑人。從此，凡標榜某人或某事時，多套用“___ is beautiful”之結構，Fat is beautiful     (胖子也不賴)

按：年前美國許多大企業機構，以懶惰及喜在工作中睡覺為由，拒絕雇用胖子，胖

子們便因此而團結起來以此口號抗議。



Small is beautiful   (小也不賴)

按：大公司常以大魚吃小魚的方式，兼併強吞小公司，但小公司若經營得當，則可

與大企業分庭抗禮，一爭長短，則以此口號標榜。



源自美國總統布希之名言

< Read my lips : No New Taxes >



老布希在第一任總統競選時，曾以此言 “Read my Lips : No new Taxes”請聽我說：絕不加稅），為其競選口號。因而贏得壓倒性的勝利，躍登總統寶座。



Read Our Lips: No TWO Terms(請聽我們說：絕不准連任)

按：美國民主黨在紐約舉行之民主黨全國大會，提名柯林頓（Clinton）為民主

黨總統候選人，及高爾（Gore）為其競選伙伴（Running mate），在會中主席

以此口號，要求布希下台，因而博得滿堂喝采。



再者，用慣用句型者：如Have…, will…：   有…, 便可……



此句型使用相當頻繁：

Have Money, Will Travel.  (有錢行遍天下)

Have Shoes, Will Return.  （有鞋便可回國）

按：前菲律賓第一夫人伊美黛，生活奢侈豪華，揮金如土，以擁有三千雙鞋，而聞

名全球，她年前回國競選總統，時代雜誌就以此為標題，大為渲染報導（鞋子

在此被借用作諷刺）。



Like …, Like….  :    如……，如……



Like Father, Like Son.             （有其父必有其子）

Like Father, Like Daughter.     （虎父虎女）

Like Mentor, Like Protégé.      （有其師必有其徒）

Like Father, Like Sons.            （賊父賊子們）

按：英國之報業鉅子麥斯威爾（Maxwell）因偷竊英國退休人員基金，而投水自

殺，引起全英國譁然。政府當局調查此案內幕，發現他的兩個兒子竟然與其父

一樣，竊取麥氏名下其他財產，因而以此為標題作報導。



No + V-ing  ：  不准……



No Smoking            （不准抽煙）

No Moonlighting     （不准兼差）

No GIGOing            （勿誤人子弟）---GI=garbage in,  GO=garbage out

No Singing, No Dancing(不准唱歌，不准跳舞)

按：在科威特光復週年紀念日，其政府當局以數以千計之科威特人民仍淪落在伊拉

克中，因而宣布不舉行任何慶祝活動，所以要求其人民不唱歌，不跳舞。



或用雙關語（pun）者：如

Here today, Gone tomorrow.                   ：居無定所

The oldest profession in the world           ：賣春

XO on the rocks                                      ：XO酒加冰塊



其衍生之標題如：

Gone Today, Hair Tomorrow. (今天沒頭髮，明天長頭髮)

按：此為報導生髮油。



The ‘Youngest’ Profession (雛妓)

按：此為TIME報導泰國賣春情況。

The Russian Whisky on the Rocks (蘇聯Whisky級潛水艇觸礁)



最後，必須說明的是：上述只不過是雜誌標題中的一小部分。其實，標題的結構非常豐富，而且變化無窮。本文僅就上述標題結構，提供讀者參考。

VicChu

複合字是新聞雜誌的精華（The beauty），也是其重要的特徵之一。雜誌中的每頁幾乎都有複合字的出現，頻率之繁非其他特徵能相提並論。
”美國新聞雜誌英文之分析”一書中，對複合字作有系統而完想的分析，共編成十大類型－幾乎可涵蓋三本著名雜誌﹝時代雜誌（Time），新聞週刊（Newsweek）及美國新聞及世界報導（U.S. News & World Report）﹞中所出現的複合字。
複合字是一種語文的化學反應（Chemical reaction in language），也是語言上的經濟手法（linguistic economy device）。其轉換過程是先將子句（clause）變為片語（Phrase），再把片語變為字（Word）－即是複合字。其中的關係代名詞（Relative Pronoun）和介係詞（preposition），皆可刪除。且舉例說明：
例一：The girl who has big eyes is my student.
                  The girl with big eyes is my student.
                  The big-eyed girl is my student.
    （大眼睛的女孩是我的學生）

例二：That man who is conscious of image is here.
                  That man conscious of image is here.
                  That image-conscious man is here.
    （那位重形象的人在此）

作者將複合字十大類型，分期陸續作一較有系統的介紹。本期僅介紹第一大類型。
A V-ing as pivot-element type：
   （以V-ing為構成複合字的主要成份）
     A-1  （N-V-ing）
       The boy who hits the book is a straight-A student.
                  The book-hitting boy is a straight-A student.
（這位K書的學生是優等生）
The man who abides by the law is a good citizen
=The law-abiding man is a good citizen.
（奉公守法的人是好國民）
其他例子：
    Peace-loving people（愛好和平的人士）
    fact-finding group（視察團）
    注意：1. 本類型中的動詞一定是主動語態（active voice）
          2. 凡慣用語中由動詞與名詞組成的，皆可變成形容詞複合字。如：
             pass the buck--buck-passing（推諉責任的）
             lose face--face-losing（丟臉的）
             tighten one’s belt--belt-tightening（節省的）
             twist one’s arm--arm-twisting（強迫的）
    但是，慣用語中的名詞若是複數，必須把複數改為單數。例如：
             mend one’s fences--fence-mending（改善關係）
             spill the beans--bean-spilling（洩漏秘密）
             name names--name-naming（指名帶姓指認出）
             call one names--name-calling（中傷）
            例外：
……….take pains—painstaking(費時費力)

     A-2  （self-V-ing）
The clock which winds itself looks beautiful.
                  The self-winding clock looks beautiful
   （自動上發條的鐘看起來很美觀）
    The student who supports himself works at a fast-food restaurant.
                  The self-supporting student works at a fast-food restaurant.
   （自力更生的學生在一家速食店工作）。
    本類型中的反身代名詞（Reflexive Pronoun），一律改成self-

A-3  （Adj-V-ing）
  The pill which tastes bitter is a panacea.
                  The bitter-tasting pill is a panacea.
  （這苦味的藥丸是一種萬靈丹）
  The man who looks handsome is a movie star.
                  The handsome-looking man is a movie star.
  （這位長的很帥的人是電影明星）
  本類型中的動詞，僅限於連綴動詞（Linking Verbs：be, become, grow等）和感官動詞（Sense Verbs：look, sound, taste, smell, feel等）

     A-4  （Adv-V-ing）
（a）The adverbs with-ly：
The bus which moves slowly broke down on the road.
                  The slowly-moving bus broke down on the road.
（走得很慢的公車拋錨在路中）
The company which expands rapidly went bust/broke/under.
                  The rapidly-expanding company went bust/broke/under.
（擴張迅速的公司倒閉了）
（b）The adverbs such as hard, far, well, ill, fast, etc：
The man who works hard can go a long way.
                  The hard-working man can go a long way.
（認真工作的人一定會成功）
The custom which reaches far is a good one.
                  The far-reaching custom is a good one.
（影響深遠的習俗是好習俗）
（c）The adverbs of frequency：always, usually often, sometimes, seldom and never.
The population which always increases is amazing.
                  The ever-increasing population is amazing.
（不斷增加的人口相當驚人的）
The rule which often changes makes people confused.
                  The oft-changing rule makes people confused.
（常常改變的規矩令人無法適從）。
本類型中，要特別注意－換成複合字過程中，應將always改成ever－，以及often改為oft－，其餘不必交換。

A- A- 5（P-V-ing）（P指介係詞（preposition））
The call which comes in is from John Doe.
                  The in-coming call is from John Doe.
（打進來的電話是張三打來的）
The call which goes out is from Richard Roe.
                  The out-going call is from Richard Roe.
（打出去的電話是李四打的）
但，in-coming、out-going具有不同的意義，如：
in-coming ship（進港的船）
out-going ship（出港的船）
in-coming Premier（即將上任的行政院長）
out-going Premier（即將卸任的行政院長）
B. V-pp as pivot-element Type：
   （以V-pp＜動詞過去分詞＞為構成複合字的主要成分）
  B-1（N-V-pp）：
      The dress which is made by a tailor costs much more expensive.
                  The tailor-made dress costs much more expensive.
（訂做的衣服較為昂貴）
The wine which is made at home tastes wonderful.
                  The home-made wine tastes wonderful.
（國產的酒味道不錯）

  本類型中動詞，一定是被動語態（Passive Voice）。出現率相當頻繁。
  B-2（Self-V-pp）：
      The scholar who was educated by himself passed away yesterday：
                  The self-educated scholar passed away yesterday.
（那位無師自通的學者昨天去世。）
The man who was made by himself started his business on a shoestring.
                  The self-made man started his business on a shoestring.
（那位白手起家的人靠極少的資本開始做生意。）

  本類型中的反身代名詞（Reflexive Pronoun），一律改成Self－字樣。
  B-3（Adj-V-pp）
      The food which is made ready is a steal.
                  The ready-made food is a steal.
（現成的食物價格如檢來的便宜東西。）
The meat which is roasted fresh looks awful.
                  The fresh-roasted meat looks awful.
（現烤的肉看起來很噁心。）
  B-4（Adv-V-pp）：
1. 1. The adverbs with the ending-ly.
The plan which was developed recently started with a bang.
                  The recently-developed plan started with a bang.
（最近發展的計畫進行的有聲有色。）
2. 2. The adverbs such hard、far、well、ill、fast、etc.
The area which is hit hard has been declared a disaster zone.
                  The hard-hit area has been declared a disaster zone.
（受損嚴重的地區被視為災區。）
3. 3. The adverbs of frequency：always、usually、sometimes、seldom and never.
The law which is always criticized must make some adjustment.
                  The ever-criticized law must make some adjustment.
（一直受批評的法規應做適度的調整。）

  本類型中，在轉變複合字過程中，應將always改成ever－，和often改為oft－，其餘照原字不必更換。
B-5（V-pp-P） （P.係指介系詞Preposition）。
    The worker who was laid off staged a sit-in.
                  The laid-off worker staged a sit-in.
（被裁員的工人開始靜坐抗議。）
    The plan which is well thought out works wonders.
                  The well-thought-out plan works wonders.
（經過深思熟慮的計畫獲得令人驚奇的成功。）

   本類型中，複合字形成大部分來自慣用語。
C-Adj as pivot-element Type：
  （以形容詞為構成複合字的主要成份。）
C-1（N-Adj）：
    The adjectives such as ：-conscious、-foolish、-free、-greedy、-happy、-high、-hungry、-long、-mad、-proof、-prone、-proud、-sich、-rich、-short、-thirsty、-weary、-wide、-wise、-worthy、etc.
    The candidate who is conscious of image was defeated in the election.
    =The image-conscious candidate was defeated in the election.
      （注重形象的候選人選舉失利。）
    The lawmaker who is greedy for power is looked down upon by the people.
    =The power-greedy lawmaker is looked down upon by the people.
    （貪勢貪利的立委令人瞧不起。）
    The country which is rich in oil has a cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
    =The oil-rich country has a cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
    （盛產石油的國家施行終生社會福利制度。）

     本類型中，形成複合字過程中，形容詞後的介系詞（be+Adj+prep+N），皆應刪
除。

     又此類型常以as…..as型態出現。例子如下：
     The sword is as sharp as razor = The razor-sharp sword.
     （銳如刀片的劍。）

其他例子如下：
dirt-cheap（賤如糞土的）
feather-light（輕如羽毛的）
fire-hot（火熱的）
ice-cold（冰冷的）
brand-new（全新的）
paper-thin（薄如紙，極微的）
pitch-dark（漆黑的）
rock-hard（硬如石的）
sky-high（高入雲霄的，極高的）
snow-white（雪白的）
C-2（Self-Adj）：
    The girl who is conscious of herself seldom goes to the party.
    =The self-conscious girl seldom goes to the party.
    （羞怯的女孩子很少參加宴會。）

     本類型中，不要忘記把反身代名詞，改成self－字樣。
C-3（Adv-Adj）
    The threat which is always present makes people ill at ease.
    =The ever-present threat makes people ill at ease.
    （一直存在的威脅令人不安。）
    The student who is often absent was eventually kicked out of school.
    =The oft-absent was eventually kicked out of school.
    （常常缺席的學生終於被學校開除。）

同樣的，本類型中的always、often，勿忘記改的ever-、oft-字樣。
D-P as pivot-element Type：
（以介系詞為首的慣用語，成為製造複合字的主要成份）。
此類型最簡單，最容易。在更換過程中，隻字都不必更改更換，只在字與字間加上連字號（hyphen）即可。例子如下：
  behind-the-scenes meeting（幕後的或秘密的會議）
  a university is on the air.=An on-the-air university（空中大學）
  The patient who has a nurse around the clock.
  =The patience has a round-the-clock nurse service.
（那位病人24小時有護士照顧。）
We will welcome our guests with open arms.
=We will give our guests a with-open-arms welcome.
（我們將以最隆重歡迎來迎接我們的客人。）

其他例子如下：
on-the-run suspect（逃亡中的嫌犯）
still-at-large murder（消遙法外的兇手）
on-the-spot inspection（現場的視察）
across-the-board pay hike（全盤性的加薪）
under-the-counter sale（秘密的交易）
over-the-counter medicine（公開出售的藥，既成藥）
E. Preposition Compounds : 以(Noun + Preposition + Noun)為構成複合字的主要成份，其中的介系詞以to. by. for 和in為主。
        E-1 (N - to - N):
( a) ( a) (N - to - N): (Same):
face-to-face meeting  (面對面的會議)
shoulder-to-shoulder fight  (並肩作戰)
heart-to-heart talk  (衷誠的談話)
eye-to-eye agreement  (完全的同意)
neck-to-neck contest  (不分上下的比賽)
( b) ( b) (N - to - N): (from N to N):
cover-to-cover reading  (逐字逐頁的閱讀)
house-to-house sale  (挨家挨戶的推銷)
coast-to-coast tour  (全國性的旅遊)
( c) ( c) (N - to - N): (from A to B):
dusk-to-dawn curfew  (傍晚至天亮的戒嚴)
rags-to-riches man  (白手起家的人)
hand-to-mouth life  (僅足餬口的生活)
cradle-to-grave plan  (一生的計劃)
nine-to-five man  (朝九晚五的人)
        E-2 (N - by - N):
            step-by-step teaching  (按部就班的教學)
            case-by-case basic  (個別的方式)
            side-by-side fight  (並肩作戰)
        E-3 (N - for - N):
            word-for-word translation  (逐字的翻譯)
            eye-for-eye revenge  (以眼還眼的報復)
            tooth-for-tooth bloodshed  (以牙還牙的流血)
            tit-for-tat lashing  (一報還一報的鞭打)
        E-4 (N - of- ( the ) -N):
            state-of-the-art hi-tech  (頂棒的尖端科技)
            top-of-the-line weapon  (精良的武器)
            wind-of-change politician  (巨變中的政治人物)
            run-of-the-mill affair  (平凡的事物)
        E-5 (N - in- ( the ) -N):
head-in-the-sand thinking  (不切實際的想法)
                hole-in-the-wall store  (簡陋的小店)
               flash-in-the-pan success  (短暫的成長)
pie-in-the-sky vision  (虛幻的遠景)

F. Conjunction Compounds :
F-1 (N - Conj - N):
( a) (a ) (N - and - N):
carrot-and-stick policy  (軟硬兼施的政策)
salt-and-pepper issue  (黑白的問題)
nickel-and-dime store  (小本的生意)
five-and-ten store  (同上)
mom-and-pop store  (同上)
boom-and-bust cycle  (繁榮與不景氣的交替)
( b) ( b) (N - or - N):
rain-or-shine picnic  (風雨無阻的郊遊)
neck-or-nothing election  (決定性的選舉)
all-or-nothing election  (同上)
feast-or-famine business  (時好時壞的生意)
        F-2 (V - Conj - V):
( a) (a ) (V - and - V):
wait-and-see attitude  (觀望的態度)
touch-and-go situation  (一觸即發的局面)
open-and-shut case  (簡單的案件)
give-and-take compromise  (互相讓步的妥協)
hum-and-haw answer  (吞白吐吐的回答)
( b) ( b) (V - or - V):
make-or-break election  (決定性的選舉)
make-or-mar election  (同上)
put-up-or-shut-up warning  (提出更好的意見否則閉嘴的警告)
shape-up-or-ship-out warning  (整頓否則解散的警告)
        F-3 (Adj - Conj - Adj):
( a) ( a) (Adj - and - Adj):
thick-and-thin friend  (同甘共苦的朋友)
null-and-void treaty  (完全無效的條約)
high-and-dry help  (孤苦無助)
rough-and-ready method  (權宜的方法)
( b) ( b) (Adj - or - Adj):
more-or-less loss  (或多或少的損失)
now-or-never chance  (千載難逢的機會)
( c) ( c) (Adj - but - Adj):
slow-but-sure progress  (穩定的進步)
separate-but-equal education  (隔離但平等的教育)
        F-4 (V-ing - Conj – V-ing):
            flipflopping-and-zigzagging policy  (優柔寡斷的政策)
            huffing-and-puffing warning  (怒沖沖的警告)
            toing-and-froing distance  (來回的路程)
            wheeling-and-dealing manager  (精明能幹的經理)
        F-5 (V-pp - Conj – V-pp):
            cut-and-dried meeting  (預先定好的會議)
            buried-and-forgotten man  (被遺忘的人)

G. Idiosycratic Compounds:
        G-1 Quotation compounds:
            no-news-is-good-news attitude  (無消息即好消息的態度)
            catch-as-you-catch speech  (臨時應付的演說)
            pay-as-you-go system  (預扣所得稅制度)
            引用複合字，為權宜起見，凡較長而無法歸類於上述幾項類型者，皆屬
本此類型。形成簡單，把全句，片語視為形容詞，字與字間加上連字號(-)即可。
        G-2 Adj - N-ed – Compounds
            這是複合字中最特殊的一種，其中名詞加上動詞過去式(N-ed)，用途有
下列三種，分別說明如下:
( a) ( a) 身體任何部位(肉體上的或是精神上的):
long-faced girl  (拉長臉的女孩)
quick-witted  diplomat  (機警的外交官)
cold-blooded murder  (殘酷的謀殺)
tip-lipped official  (守口如瓶的官員)
( b) ( b) 房屋的任何部分:
high-ceiling house  (天花板高的屋子)
green-roofed building  (綠頂的大樓)
glass-walled atrium  (玻璃牆的中庭)
gold-domed building  (金圓頂的大樓)
( c) ( c) 顏色、大小尺寸、口味等等:
black-colored dress  (黑色的衣服)
medium-sized car  (中型的車子)
sour-flavored fruit  (酸味的水果)
        G-3 Odds-and-ends compounds:
would-be hero  (自充的英雄)
also-ran candidate  (落選的候選人)
has-been writer  (江郎才盡的作家)
odds-on candidate  (很可能當選的候選人)
can-do confidence  (幹勁十足的信心)

VicChu

　　“Everything on our menu is prepared fresh daily and they are delivered to you from our kitchen outlet.”
　　從信箱里的一張小食店廣告信息中發現上述句子中一個常見的語法錯誤。你是否也觀察出來呢？
　　這錯誤在第二等立分句的主語上：they。
　　大家知道，they 是句中的代名詞（pronoun）。在這里，它是代替第一等立分句中的主語 everything。Everything 是個單數代名詞﹔they 是復數的，兩個怎么可以相通呢？
　　在語法上，代名詞在取代名詞或當名詞的詞時，必須在人稱（ person）、數目（number）、性別（gender）和格（case）這几方面相稱才行。例如：
　　□ The man plucked out a grey hair from his head.
　　□ They need funds, but they are running out of them now.
　　□ Jason said that he did not like the woman.
　　□ A person must restrict himself to doing what is right and useful.
　　如果腦子里沒有這些語法概念，便會犯上誤用代名詞的錯誤。本文上面所指的 they 便是最好的例子。
　　除了 everything 之外，anything, nothing, everyone, someone, no one, somebody, nobody, anybody, anyone 和 each 等代名詞也都是單數的。如果要用其他代名詞取代它們，也必須是單數的才可以，而且后面的謂語動詞也要搭配。就此而論，文中的 they 是不對的，必須改為單數代名詞 it﹔同時后頭的謂語動詞也要變成單數的 is。這樣一來，兩個等立分句就很相稱了。
　　同樣的道理，剛剛舉出的那些代名詞應該這樣用：
　　□ Nothing is difficult if it is properly done.
　　□ Nobody here has objected to the new proposal.
　　□ Each was annoyed by her strange idea.
　　□ Somebody wants to see you.
　　□ No one really knows the answer.
　　除了單數代名詞，英文中也有復數代名詞“many, both, several, few”等﹔其用法和復數名詞一樣，跟著的也是復數動詞，如：
　　□ Many were absent yesterday.
　　11. Few are welcome here.
　　此外，有些代名詞，如“some, all, none, any”等，既可當單數，也可當復數，一切視上下文而定。例如：
　　12a. Please look at the old office equipment. Some is to be replaced.
　　　b. Some of them have agreed to come.
　　13a. All is well that ends well.
　　　b. There are twenty in the bus. All have arrived on time.
　　14a. None of the news was good.
　　　b. None of her friends phone her now.
　　在英文詞類中，代名詞是簡單容易的一種，但是也好像容易犯錯﹔希望大家不要掉以輕心，以免犯下同樣的錯誤。
特別是代名詞的數和所指引的主語的數不符，使得后頭謂語動詞的數也跟著出差錯，真是差之毫厘，失之千里，不可不察。
　　這里要指出一些方向，以避免因代名詞的錯誤而使句子的意思模糊不清。
　　怎樣避免代名詞的錯誤呢？
　　□不要用同個代名詞指引兩個性別一樣的名詞，如：
　　□ Mr. Li told Mr. Lin that he was wrong.
　　這里的 he 既可指林先生，也可指李先生，含糊不清。應該改為 □或□：
　　□ Mr. Li said to Mr. Lin, "I am wrong."
　　□ Mr. Li said to Mr. Lin, "You are wrong."
　　□避免把代名詞和它所指引的名詞隔開太遠，如：
　　□ The man leaned over the bench for hours working on the plan. It was too low to be comfortable.
　　這里的代詞 it 離開名詞 the bench 太遠，結果關系不清楚，因為在位置上，它更適合指引 the plan。在這種情況下，只好避開 it，而用名詞，即 the bench。
　　□避免濫用指示代詞“this, that”或關系代詞“who, which, that”泛指上文的內容。例如：
　　□ Tom's brother is an accountant, and this is the profession everyone envies."
　　這里的 this 指“accountant”。“會計師”是一種專業人士，和后頭的“專業”（profession）并不相稱，因此要把 this 改為 accountancy（會計工作），才合句子的意思。
　　□ The profit from the business was large, which I realized sometime later.
　　這里的“which I realized sometime later”是句形容詞分句，應該出現在先行詞后面，不應該脫離出來而獨立。如果要用它來修飾全句話，更不合邏輯，應該改為□或□：
　　□ I realized sometime later that the profit from the business was large.（主句 + 名詞分句）
　　□ The profit from the business was large. I realised this (matter) sometime later.（單句 + 單句）
　　□避免用代名詞“they, you, it”影射腦子里的事物，如：
　　□ In Singapore, it relies heavily on tourism as a source of national revenue.
　　這里的 it 指向什么呢？如果是心目中的“政府”或“旅游促進局”，那就要明言，不要用不清不楚的 it：
　　□ In Singapore, the government...
　　11. In Singapore, the Tourist Promotion Board...
　　12. In less industrialized countries, they do not know the problems of urban development.
　　 這里的代名詞 they 是不是指 the people（人民）？如果是就用吧。In less industrialized countries, the people...過后，要再提這主語時，才用 they：...the people...They are only interested in their daily life.
　　其實，在這種主語不詳的情況下，被動語態是最好的選擇：
　　13. In less industrialized countries, the problems of urban development are not known

VicChu

　　英語常用詞綴類別有限，數目也不太多。但是有几個詞綴發展得相當迅速，令人注目。

　　下面便是三個運用愈來愈廣的前綴：

　　Ⅰde-

　　主要意思有三：

　　□“除去”，如：dewax（去蠟）﹔去泡沫）﹔degum（去膠）﹔deflea（除去跳蚤）。

　　□“非……化”，如：denuclearise（非核武器化）﹔ decontaminate（非污染化）﹔denationalise（非國有化）﹔ derecognition（撤銷承認）。

　　□“降低、向下”，如：de-emphasize（不強調）﹔ de-escalation（行動降級）﹔devaluation（貶值）﹔ deindustrialisation（工業化降溫）。

　　Ⅱmini-

　　這個前綴的意思是“小型”、“微型”，如：

　　mini-rocket（小型火箭）﹔mini-budget（小預算案）﹔ mini-report（小型報告）﹔mini-parade（小型檢閱）﹔mini-break （小假期）﹔mini-skirt（小裙）。

　　Ⅲsuper-

　　“Super-”這前綴的意思是“超級、在上”，如：

　　Superman（超人）﹔super-star（超級明星）﹔superpower（超級強國）﹔supermarket（超級市場）﹔superhighway（超級公路）﹔super-ultra（最尖端的）﹔super-saturated（過度飽和的）﹔ superabundant（極其丰富的）。

　　除了前綴之外，几個后綴也漸漸普及起來，特別是在商業廣告以及政界、教育界等方面的新聞里。

　　□副詞性后綴 -wise，意思是“在……方面”、“就……而論” ，如：

　　budgetwise（在預算案方面）﹔moneywise（在金錢方面）﹔ savingswise（就積存資金方面而言）﹔educationwise（就教育而論）﹔manpowerwise（就人力而論）﹔theorywise（就理論來說）﹔ careerwise（就事業來說）﹔newswise（在新聞方面）﹔ publicitywise（在宣傳方面）﹔curriculumwise（在課程方面）。

　　□名詞性后綴 -ee，意思是動作承受者，常和動作施行者“-er ”相對應。例如：

　　trainer：trainee﹔interviewer：interviewee﹔ employer：employee﹔examiner：examinee。

　　此外，沒有對應的“-ee”派生詞也漸漸出現了，如：

　　retiree（退修人士）﹔absentee（缺席者、曠課者）﹔escapee （躲避者）﹔refugee（避難者）﹔devotee（崇拜者）。

　　□名詞性后綴 -nik，指從事某種工作的人。例如：

　　computer-nik（靠電腦工作的人）﹔boatnik（酷愛划船的人）﹔allright-nik（應聲虫）﹔peacenik（和平主義者）﹔folknik（民歌手）﹔popnik（流行樂歌手）。

VicChu

　　“時間”是生命中很受重視的東西﹔人人都愛惜時間，因此人人要把涉及“時間”的慣用語記起來，用出去。


　　(1)In time for……及時到……／做……“If you go now, you will be in time for the meeting.


　　(2)On time:准時的“Don't go to the examination late. Make sure you are on time.”


　　(3)Pressed for time：時間不足“I must hurry up, I am pressed for time at the moment.”


　　(4)Buy time：爭取時間“There are ten seconds left, but Jordan carried the ball steadily to buy time instead of passing it out.”


　　(5)For the time being：暫時地“The company has just been formed. For the time being, it is run by the company partners.”


　　(6 )From time to time：偶爾“They visited us from time to time, but we have never been to their house.”


　　(7)In the nick of time：及時“All the passengers got on board in the nick of time.”


　　(8 )In no time：很快地“The police caught a thief and sent him to prison in no time.


　　(9)Kill time：消磨時間“While waiting for my turn to do something, I often read something to kill time.”


　　(10)Time and again：屢次“Motorists were warned time and again not to throw rubbish from their cars.”


　　(11)Time alone will tell：時間可以証明一切“No one is certain if it is wise to emigrate to the West; time alone will tell.”


　　(12)Time's up：時間到了“Time's up. Stop writing and hand in your answer books now.”


　　(13)At the best of times：當情況最佳時“Samuel's Mandarin is not good at the best of times, not to mention when he has to speak if impromptu.”


　　(14)At times：有時“life as a spinster or bachelor is care-free, but the problem is that he or she may feel lonely at times.”


　　(15)Behind the times：過時的“Maggie's dressing style is a bit behind the times. She should try to keep up with the times by wearing fashionable dresses.”


　　(16)Move / keep up with the times：趕上時代“Some people's mode of thinking is outdated.They should try to move with the times so as to better fit in the present society.”


　　(17)The time is ripe for……的時機成熟了“The political leaders of the two countries have communicated with each other. Time is therefore ripe for closer cooperation.”


　　(18)With time to spare：比預期時間早“As there was no traffic congestion, we reached the destination with time to spare.”


　　(19)With time/Given time：假以時間“Don't feel depressed ! Things will improve with time.


　　(20)For any length of time：短暫而已“Tom likes to work in different companies. Evidence shows that he has not held on to the same job for any length of time.”