資本主義的終結已經開始 英國“衛報”

浪迹天涯的枫子

神不知鬼不觉，我們正在進入後資本主義時代 －共识主动性时代。这次和平演变的关键是互联网技术，新型工作方式和礼物经济。旧体系将慢慢消失，乌托邦时代悄悄来临。

資本主義的終結已經開始
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/17/postcapitalism-end-of-capitalism-begun?CMP=share_btn_tw#img-2


神不知鬼不觉，我們正在進入後資本主義時代 －共识主动性时代。这次和平演变的关键是互联网技术，新型工作方式和礼物经济。旧体系将慢慢消失，乌托邦时代悄悄来临。

紅色的旗幟和激進派的希臘危機期間踏著歌聲，再加上預期的銀行將被國有化，簡單恢復一個20世紀的夢想：市場從上面的強制破壞。對於許多20世紀，這是怎麼構思左側的一個經濟體超越資本主義的第一階段。這支部隊將由工人階級應用，無論是在投票箱上或路障。槓桿是狀態。機會會來通過經濟崩潰的頻繁發作。

相反，在過去的25年裡，它一直認為已經崩潰了左邊的項目。市場破壞了計劃;個人主義取代集體主義和團結的;世界的巨大擴張勞動力看起來像一個“無產階級”，但不再認為或行為，因為它曾經。

如果你經歷過這一切，不喜歡資本主義，這是創傷。但在這個過程中的技術創造了一個新的途徑了，這老左的殘餘 - 和它影響的所有其他勢力 - 要么擁抱或死亡。資本主義，它的出現，將不會被強制行軍技術被廢除。它會通過創建存在的東西更動態，在第一，舊的系統內幾乎看不到被廢除，但會突破，重塑經濟圍繞新的價值觀和行為。我把這種postcapitalism。

與封建主義的結束500年前，資本主義的置換postcapitalism會受到外力衝擊加速，塑造了一種新人類的出現。它已經開始。

Postcapitalism是可能的，因為三個重大變化的信息技術在過去25年帶來約。首先，它降低了必要的工作，模糊工作和自由時間之間的邊緣和鬆弛工作和工資之間的關係。浪潮來臨自動化，目前陷入僵局，因為我們的社會基礎設施無法承受的後果，將極大減少所需的工作量 - 不只是為了生存，而是提供一個體面的生活之道。

其次，信息被腐蝕了市場的正確形成價格的能力。這是因為，市場是基於稀缺，而信息豐富。該系統的防禦機制是形成壟斷 - 巨人高科技公司 - 其規模沒有看到在過去的200年，但他們不能持續。通過構建基於對所有社會產生的信息採集和私有化的商業模式和股估值，這些公司正在構建一個脆弱的企業大廈有悖於人類最基本的需求，這就是自由使用的想法。
英國資本主義壞了。以下是如何解決它
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第三，我們看到協作生產的自發興起：貨物，服務和組織都出現了不再對市場的支配和管理層次作出回應。在世界上最大的信息產品 - 維基百科 - 是免費的由志願者，廢除百科全書業務和剝奪每年估計有30億美元的收入廣告業。

幾乎被忽視，在壁龕和市場體系的空洞，經濟生活的整個大片都開始移動到不同的節奏。並行貨幣，時間銀行，合作社和自我管理的空間激增，由經濟學界幾乎沒有注意到，並且經常作為舊的結構在2008年後的危機破滅的一個直接結果。

你只能找到這個新的經濟如果你辛苦了。在希臘，當草根NGO映射國家的糧食合作社，替代生產，同時貨幣和本地交換系統，他們發現70多個項目的實質性和數百個較小的舉措，從深蹲到拼車免費幼兒園。主流經濟學這樣的事情似乎勉強有資格作為經濟活動 - 但是這點。它們的存在，因為他們交易，但吞吞吐吐地和低效，在postcapitalism的貨幣：空閒時間，網絡活動和免費的東西。這似乎是一個微薄的和非官方的，甚至危險的事情，從中工藝整個替代的全球系統，但如此在愛德華三世的年齡做了貨幣和信貸。

新的所有製形式，貸款的新形式，新的法律合同：一個全業務的亞文化已經出現在過去10年中，該媒體戲稱為“共享經濟”。流行語如“公地”和“對等生產”是攔腰抱住，但很少有不屑於問這是什麼意思的發展為資本主義制度本身。

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The end of capitalism has begun
Without us noticing, we are entering the postcapitalist era. At the heart of further change to come is information technology, new ways of working and the sharing economy. The old ways will take a long while to disappear, but it’s time to be utopian.

The red flags and marching songs of Syriza during the Greek crisis, plus the expectation that the banks would be nationalised, revived briefly a 20th-century dream: the forced destruction of the market from above. For much of the 20th century this was how the left conceived the first stage of an economy beyond capitalism. The force would be applied by the working class, either at the ballot box or on the barricades. The lever would be the state. The opportunity would come through frequent episodes of economic collapse.

Instead over the past 25 years it has been the left’s project that has collapsed. The market destroyed the plan; individualism replaced collectivism and solidarity; the hugely expanded workforce of the world looks like a “proletariat”, but no longer thinks or behaves as it once did.

If you lived through all this, and disliked capitalism, it was traumatic. But in the process technology has created a new route out, which the remnants of the old left – and all other forces influenced by it – have either to embrace or die. Capitalism, it turns out, will not be abolished by forced-march techniques. It will be abolished by creating something more dynamic that exists, at first, almost unseen within the old system, but which will break through, reshaping the economy around new values and behaviours. I call this postcapitalism.

As with the end of feudalism 500 years ago, capitalism’s replacement by postcapitalism will be accelerated by external shocks and shaped by the emergence of a new kind of human being. And it has started.

Postcapitalism is possible because of three major changes information technology has brought about in the past 25 years. First, it has reduced the need for work, blurred the edges between work and free time and loosened the relationship between work and wages. The coming wave of automation, currently stalled because our social infrastructure cannot bear the consequences, will hugely diminish the amount of work needed – not just to subsist but to provide a decent life for all.

Second, information is corroding the market’s ability to form prices correctly. That is because markets are based on scarcity while information is abundant. The system’s defence mechanism is to form monopolies – the giant tech companies – on a scale not seen in the past 200 years, yet they cannot last. By building business models and share valuations based on the capture and privatisation of all socially produced information, such firms are constructing a fragile corporate edifice at odds with the most basic need of humanity, which is to use ideas freely.
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Third, we’re seeing the spontaneous rise of collaborative production: goods, services and organisations are appearing that no longer respond to the dictates of the market and the managerial hierarchy. The biggest information product in the world – Wikipedia – is made by volunteers for free, abolishing the encyclopedia business and depriving the advertising industry of an estimated $3bn a year in revenue.

Almost unnoticed, in the niches and hollows of the market system, whole swaths of economic life are beginning to move to a different rhythm. Parallel currencies, time banks, cooperatives and self-managed spaces have proliferated, barely noticed by the economics profession, and often as a direct result of the shattering of the old structures in the post-2008 crisis.

You only find this new economy if you look hard for it. In Greece, when a grassroots NGO mapped the country’s food co-ops, alternative producers, parallel currencies and local exchange systems they found more than 70 substantive projects and hundreds of smaller initiatives ranging from squats to carpools to free kindergartens. To mainstream economics such things seem barely to qualify as economic activity – but that’s the point. They exist because they trade, however haltingly and inefficiently, in the currency of postcapitalism: free time, networked activity and free stuff. It seems a meagre and unofficial and even dangerous thing from which to craft an entire alternative to a global system, but so did money and credit in the age of Edward III.

New forms of ownership, new forms of lending, new legal contracts: a whole business subculture has emerged over the past 10 years, which the media has dubbed the “sharing economy”. Buzzwords such as the “commons” and “peer-production” are thrown around, but few have bothered to ask what this development means for capitalism itself.

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theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/17/postcapitalism-end-of-capitalism-begun?CMP=share_btn_tw#img-2

浪迹天涯的枫子

共识主动性社会共享知识、技能和爱心。维基百科共享知识，维基解密共享真相，比特币共享对等网络技能，占领运动包括香港的雨伞运动共享无政客的政府。神不知鬼不觉，我們正在進入後資本主義時代。性这次和平演变的关键是互联网技术，新型工作方式和礼物经济。旧体系将慢慢消失，共识主动性时代悄悄来临。

浪迹天涯的枫子

迷信不自信，自信不信人。