芬蘭式裁員：看看 Nokia 如何照顧待走路員工

克虏伯大炮

Nokia 曾是芬蘭的驕傲，更是芬蘭經濟支柱之一，2000 年時，Nokia 的營業利益達 80 億歐元，佔了芬蘭 GDP 的 4%，不過隨著 Nokia 在智慧型手機潮流中江河日下，2011 年降到了剩下芬蘭 GDP 的 0.5%，最後更淪落到將手機業務和部分專利組合以 74 億美元賣給微軟的下場。



而在此過程中，Nokia 也免不了裁員的陣痛， 在2012 年以前，Nokia 都是芬蘭最大的雇主，2000 年時，Nokia 在芬蘭有 2 萬 4,000 名員工，到 2013 年年底，只剩下 1 萬零 600 名員工。若再加上芬蘭以外的員工，人數就更驚人了。

那麼 Nokia 是怎麼對待這些員工呢？

就在裁員的決定一開始，Nokia 從董事長到資深主管們，就開始規劃轉職銜接計畫（Bridge programme），他們認為，要對離職的員工，做到職業道德上的最大照顧，而非只達到法律上的最低標準。

轉職銜接計畫適用於 1 萬 8,000 名 Nokia 全球裁員員工，幫助他們找到新的工作，包括為了幫助他們轉職到全新工作所提供的教育訓練，以及如果員工打算創業，則協助他們成立新創事業。如電視錄影及分享 App，Tellyo 就得到 Nokia 投資 2 萬 5,000 歐元。

在芬蘭，轉職銜接計畫幫助了 5,000 名員工，並協助成立 400 家新創事業。許多 Nokia 專業人員，產生無數新創事業，如開發 App 遊戲《部落戰爭》（Clash of Clans）的 Supercell，也是前 Nokia 員工所創辦。

除了投資以外，Nokia 也授權員工 Nokia 的技術專利，如新創事業 PulseOn 就取用了 Nokia 的運動脈搏測量技術，5 個股東中有4個是前 Nokia 員工，而 Nokia 不但投資數萬歐元，還幫助新公司取得銀行貸款，這筆資金讓 PulseOn 撐過了前 10 個月的草創時期，之後獲得創投的投資，規模擴大到 13 人，將於今年推出產品。

甚至若 Nokia 已不需要的部分，如 MeeGo 作業系統，則直接由員工帶去創業，為它開創新機會。MeeGo 由前 Nokia 員工創立的新創公司 Jolla Mobile 取用其中的元素後，改寫為 Sailfish 手機作業系統。Nokia 大可拒絕授權，或是要員工簽下競業禁止條款，就可活生生的扼殺 MeeGo的 新應用，但是 Nokia 卻是鼓勵而非阻止。

Nokia的人才與轉職資助，使得芬蘭新創企業百花齊放，不僅沒有讓芬蘭因為 Nokia 倒下而「亡國」，許多芬蘭人反而認為 Nokia 的衰退，使得芬蘭經濟結構更為健全，由眾多新創公司簇擁，不再只依賴 Nokia 單一支柱。

而 Nokia 的裁員方式，更成為「芬蘭作風」的典範，Nokia 過去以經營上的成功成為芬蘭驕傲，現在雖然衰退，對待離職員工的高規格待遇，闡揚了芬蘭人道精神，一樣是芬蘭的驕傲；過去 Nokia 本身是芬蘭經濟支柱，如今化為數百新創企業，一樣支持著芬蘭的永續發展。

雖然 Nokia 強調，這個轉職銜接計畫，第一要務，是要照顧離職員工個人的利益，第二要務，是善盡對社會的責任，至於公司的利益，不在考慮範圍之內。但是，誰說這樣的作風，最後許多有形無形利益，不會回歸到 Nokia 身上呢？



（圖片來源：BBC）

克虏伯大炮

我所highlight出来的部分，是想说明，技术和专利的转让方式有若干种。我发过一帖，转载《纽约时报》的文章，中国从加拿大偷取i-max的技术。有人说，加拿大也不发明什么新科技，为啥还这么先进？

首先，加拿大的教育系统居于世界先进行列，创新能力并不弱。

其次，就如上面文章所写的，这世界上除了偷、和直接购买专利，还有许多种知识产权的合理的转让方式。

我们就瞧瞧，当贼当的理直气装的这伙人，你们靠偷能不能偷出个大国崛起。特别是将偷窃作为一种“国家战略”，乃至以国家机器为执行机构，在全世界范围内实施偷窃。

罗西

Nokia Oyj[3] (Finnish: Nokia Oyj, Swedish: Nokia Abp; Finnish pronunciation: [?nokiɑ], English /?n?ki?/) is a Finnish communications and information technology multinational corporation that is headquartered in Espoo, Finland.[1] Its Nokia Solutions and Networks company provides telecommunications network equipment and services,[4] while Internet services, including applications, games, music, media and messaging, and free-of-charge digital map information and navigation services, are delivered through its wholly owned subsidiary Navteq.[5]

As of 2012, Nokia employs 101,982 people across 120 countries, conducts sales in more than 150 countries, and reports annual revenues of around ?30 billion.[2] By the fourth quarter of 2012, it was the world's second-largest mobile phone maker in terms of unit sales (after Samsung), with a global market share of 18.0%.[6] Now, Nokia only has a 3.2% market share in smartphones.[7] They lost 40% of their revenue in mobile phones in Q2 2013. Nokia is a public limited-liability company listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange.[8] It is the world's 274th-largest company measured by 2013 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500.[9]

Nokia was the world's largest vendor of mobile phones from 1998 to 2012.[6] However, the company's market share has declined since 2007 as a result of the growing use of touchscreen smartphones from other vendors—principally the iPhone, by Apple, and devices running on Android, an operating system created by Google. The corporation's share price fell from a high of US$40 in late 2007 to under US$2 in mid-2012.[10][11] In a bid to recover, Nokia announced a strategic partnership with Microsoft in February 2011, leading to the replacement of Symbian with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system in all Nokia smartphones.[12] Following the replacement of the Symbian system, Nokia's smartphone sales figures, which had previously increased, collapsed dramatically.[13] From the beginning of 2011 until 2013, Nokia fell from its position as the world's largest smartphone vendor to assume the status of tenth largest.[14]

On 2 September 2013, Microsoft announced its intent to purchase Nokia's mobile phone business unit as part of an overall deal totaling ?5.44 billion (US$7.17 billion). Stephen Elop, Nokia's former CEO, and several other executives will join Microsoft as part of the deal.[15][16]



Contents  [hide]
1 History 1.1 1865 to 1967 1.1.1 Industrial conglomerate

1.2 1967 to 2000 1.2.1 Networking equipment
1.2.2 First mobile phones
1.2.3 Involvement in GSM
1.2.4 Personal computers and IT equipment
1.2.5 Challenges of growth

1.3 2000 to present 1.3.1 Product releases
1.3.2 Symbian
1.3.3 Linux devices
1.3.4 Series 40 and the Asha Platform
1.3.5 Reorganizations
1.3.6 Acquisitions
1.3.7 Loss of Market Share in Smartphones 1.3.7.1 Alliance with Microsoft and Windows Phone

1.3.8 Financial difficulties
1.3.9 Acquisition of mobile phone business by Microsoft
1.3.10 Android - The Normandy Project


2 Operations 2.1 Divisions 2.1.1 Mobile Solutions
2.1.2 Mobile Phones
2.1.3 Markets

2.2 Subsidiaries
2.3 Nokia Solutions and Networks

3 Corporate affairs 3.1 Corporate governance 3.1.1 Former corporate officers

3.2 Stock
3.3 Financial results
3.4 Corporate culture

4 Online services 4.1 .mobi and the Mobile Web
4.2 Ovi
4.3 My Nokia
4.4 Comes With Music
4.5 Nokia Messaging

5 Logos
6 Environmental record
7 Controversies 7.1 NSN's provision of intercept capability to Iran
7.2 Lex Nokia
7.3 Nokia–Apple patent dispute
7.4 Alleged tax evasion in India

8 Research cooperation with universities
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links


History[edit]

1865 to 1967[edit]





Eduard Polòn taiteilija Eero J?rnefeltin maalaamana





Fredrik Idestam, co-founder of Nokia.




Leo Mechelin, co-founder of Nokia.

The predecessors of the modern Nokia were the Nokia Company (Nokia Aktiebolag), Finnish Rubber Works Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) and Finnish Cable Works Ltd (Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy).[17]

Eduard Polón(1861-1930), Nokia's founder, was a Finnish business leader ( Source: Nokia Corporation 's official history, pages 12–13, Martin H?iki?, Edita, 2001). He was founder, CEO, Chairman of the Board and the largest shareholder of the Finnish Gummitehdas' ("Rubberfactory"). He led the development of a new rubber industry in Finland, and his group of companies built a modern wood and cable industry in Finland. Polón decided to use the name "Nokia", the town where his factories were based, as a brand name for his products to differentiate his products from Russian competitors.[citation needed]

Although these three companies—Suomen Gummitehdas, Suomen Kaapelitehdas and Nokia Ab—were not formally merged, as the law did not allow it at the time, Eduard Polón continued to create a successful conglomerate that later became the Nokia PLC of today. Polòn was the chairman, managing director, and the largest owner of the group for 30 years.[citation needed]

Nokia Ab's history started in 1865 when mining engineer Fredrik Idestam established a ground wood pulp mill on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the town of Tampere, in southwestern Finland (part of the Russian Empire).[18] In 1868, Idestam built a second mill near the town of Nokia, fifteen kilometers (nine miles) west of Tampere, by the Nokianvirta river, which had better resources for hydropower production.[19] In 1871, Idestam, with the help of his close friend and statesman Leo Mechelin, renamed and transformed his firm into a share company, thereby founding Nokia Ab. However, the brand name Nokia of today did not come from the company name, but from the name of the town where Polón's factories were located.[19]

Towards the end of the 19th century, Mechelin sought to expand into the electricity business, but his aspiration was initially thwarted by Idestam's opposition. However, Idestam's retirement from the management of the company in 1896 allowed Mechelin to become the company's chairman (from 1898 until 1914), and he subsequently convinced most of the shareholders to receive their support.[19] In 1902, Nokia added electricity generation to its business activities.[18]

Industrial conglomerate[edit]

In 1898, Eduard Polón founded Finnish Rubber Works, manufacturer of galoshes and other rubber products, which later became Nokia's rubber business.[17] At the beginning of the 20th century, Finnish Rubber Works established its factories near the town of Nokia and they began using Nokia as its product brand.[20] In 1912, Arvid Wickstr?m founded Finnish Cable Works, producer of telephone, telegraph and electrical cables and the foundation of Nokia's cable and electronics businesses.[17] At the end of the 1910s, shortly after World War I, the Nokia Company was nearing bankruptcy.[21] To ensure the continuation of electricity supply from Nokia's generators, Finnish Rubber Works acquired the business of the insolvent company.[21] In 1922, Finnish Rubber Works acquired Finnish Cable Works.[22] In 1937, Verner Weckman, a sport wrestler and Finland's first Olympic Gold medalist, became president of Finnish Cable Works, after 16 years as its technical director.[23] After World War II, Finnish Cable Works supplied cables to the Soviet Union as part of Finland's war reparations. This gave the company a good foothold for later trade.[23]

The three companies, which had been jointly owned since 1922, were merged to form a new industrial conglomerate, Nokia Corporation in 1967 and paved the way for Nokia's future as a global corporation.[24] The new company was involved in many industries, producing at one time or another paper products, car and bicycle tires, footwear (including rubber boots), communications cables, televisions and other consumer electronics, personal computers, electricity generation machinery, robotics, capacitors, military communications and equipment (such as the SANLA M/90 device and the M61 gas mask for the Finnish Army), plastics, aluminum and chemicals.[25] Each business unit had its own director who reported to the first Nokia Corporation President, Bj?rn Westerlund. As the president of the Finnish Cable Works, he had been responsible for setting up the company's first electronics department in 1960, sowing the seeds of Nokia's future in telecommunications.[26]

Eventually, the company decided to leave consumer electronics behind in the 1990s and focused solely on the fastest growing segments in telecommunications.[27] Nokian Tyres, manufacturer of tires, split from Nokia Corporation to form its own company in 1988[28] and two years later Nokian Footwear, manufacturer of rubber boots, was founded.[20] In 1989, Nokia also sold the original paper business; currently this company (Nokian Paperi) is owned by SCA. During the rest of the 1990s, Nokia divested itself of all of its non-telecommunications businesses.[27]

1967 to 2000[edit]

The seeds of the current incarnation of Nokia were planted with the founding of the electronics section of the cable division in 1960 and the production of its first electronic device in 1962: a pulse analyzer designed for use in nuclear power plants.[26] In the 1967 fusion, that section was separated into its own division, and began manufacturing telecommunications equipment. A key CEO and subsequent chairman of the board was vuorineuvos Bj?rn "Nalle" Westerlund (1912–2009), who founded the electronics department and let it run at a loss for 15 years.

Networking equipment[edit]





A Nokia P30
In the 1970s, Nokia became more involved in the telecommunications industry by developing the Nokia DX 200, a digital switch for telephone exchanges. The DX 200 became the workhorse of the network equipment division. Its modular and flexible architecture enabled it to be developed into various switching products.[29] In 1984, development of a version of the exchange for the Nordic Mobile Telephony network was started.[30]

For a while in the 1970s, Nokia's network equipment production was separated into Telefenno, a company jointly owned by the parent corporation and by a company owned by the Finnish state. In 1987, the state sold its shares to Nokia and in 1992 the name was changed to Nokia Telecommunications.[31]

In the 1970s and 1980s, Nokia developed the Sanomalaitej?rjestelm? ("Message device system"), a digital, portable and encrypted text-based communications device for the Finnish Defence Forces.[32] The current main unit used by the Defence Forces is the Sanomalaite M/90 (SANLA M/90).[33]

In 1998, Check Point established a partnership with Nokia, which bundled Check Point's Software with Nokia's computer Network Security Appliances.[34]

First mobile phones[edit]





The Mobira Cityman 150, Nokia's NMT-900 mobile phone from 1989 (left), compared to the Nokia 1100 from 2003.[35] The Mobira Cityman line was launched in 1987.[36]
The technologies that preceded modern cellular mobile telephony systems were the various "0G" pre-cellular mobile radio telephony standards. Nokia had been producing commercial and some military mobile radio communications technology since the 1960s, although this part of the company was sold some time before the later company rationalization. Since 1964, Nokia had developed VHF radio simultaneously with Salora Oy. In 1966, Nokia and Salora started developing the ARP standard (which stands for Autoradiopuhelin, or car radio phone in English), a car-based mobile radio telephony system and the first commercially operated public mobile phone network in Finland. It went online in 1971 and offered 100% coverage in 1978.[37]

In 1979, the merger of Nokia and Salora resulted in the establishment of Mobira Oy. Mobira began developing mobile phones for the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) network standard, the first-generation, first fully automatic cellular phone system that went online in 1981.[38] In 1982, Mobira introduced its first car phone, the Mobira Senator for NMT-450 networks.[38]

Nokia bought Salora Oy in 1984 and now owning 100% of the company, changed the company's telecommunications branch name to Nokia-Mobira Oy. The Mobira Talkman, launched in 1984, was one of the world's first transportable phones. In 1987, Nokia introduced one of the world's first handheld phones, the Mobira Cityman 900 for NMT-900 networks (which, compared to NMT-450, offered a better signal, yet a shorter roam). While the Mobira Senator of 1982 had weighed 9.8 kg (22 lb) and the Talkman just under 5 kg (11 lb), the Mobira Cityman weighed only 800 g (28 oz) with the battery and had a price tag of 24,000 Finnish marks (approximately ?4,560).[36] Despite the high price, the first phones were almost snatched from the sales assistants' hands. Initially, the mobile phone was a "yuppie" product and a status symbol.[25]

Nokia's mobile phones got a big publicity boost in 1987, when Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was pictured using a Mobira Cityman to make a call from Helsinki to his communications minister in Moscow. This led to the phone's nickname of the "Gorba".[36]

In 1988, Jorma Nieminen, resigning from the post of CEO of the mobile phone unit, along with two other employees from the unit, started a notable mobile phone company of their own, Benefon Oy (since renamed to GeoSentric).[39] One year later, Nokia-Mobira Oy became Nokia Mobile Phones.

Involvement in GSM[edit]

罗西

Nokia was one of the key developers of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications),[40] the second-generation mobile technology which could carry data as well as voice traffic. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony), the world's first mobile telephony standard that enabled international roaming, provided valuable experience for Nokia for its close participation in developing GSM, which was adopted in 1987 as the new European standard for digital mobile technology.[41][42]

Nokia delivered its first GSM network to the Finnish operator Radiolinja in 1989.[43] The world's first commercial GSM call was made on 1 July 1991 in Helsinki, Finland over a Nokia-supplied network, by then Prime Minister of Finland Harri Holkeri, using a prototype Nokia GSM phone.[43] In 1992, the first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, was launched.[43][44] The model number refers to its launch date, 10 November.[44] The Nokia 1011 did not yet employ Nokia's characteristic ringtone, the Nokia tune. It was introduced as a ringtone in 1994 with the Nokia 2100 series.[45]

GSM's high-quality voice calls, easy international roaming and support for new services like text messaging (Short Message Service) laid the foundations for a worldwide boom in mobile phone use.[43] GSM came to dominate the world of mobile telephony in the 1990s, in mid-2008 accounting for about three billion mobile telephone subscribers in the world, with more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories. New connections are added at the rate of 15 per second, or 1.3 million per day.[46]

Personal computers and IT equipment[edit]





The Nokia Booklet 3G mini laptop.
In the 1980s, Nokia's computer division Nokia Data produced a series of personal computers called MikroMikko.[47] MikroMikko was Nokia Data's attempt to enter the business computer market. The first model in the line, MikroMikko 1, was released on 29 September 1981,[48] around the same time as the first IBM PC. However, the personal computer division was sold to the British ICL (International Computers Limited) in 1991, which later became part of Fujitsu.[49] MikroMikko remained a trademark of ICL and later Fujitsu. Internationally the MikroMikko line was marketed by Fujitsu as the ErgoPro.

Fujitsu later transferred its personal computer operations to Fujitsu Siemens Computers, which shut down its only factory in Espoo, Finland (in the Kilo district, where computers had been produced since the 1960s) at the end of March 2000,[50][51] thus ending large-scale PC manufacturing in the country. Nokia was also known for producing very high quality CRT and early TFT LCD displays for PC and larger systems application. The Nokia Display Products' branded business was sold to ViewSonic in 2000.[52] In addition to personal computers and displays, Nokia used to manufacture DSL modems and digital set-top boxes.

Nokia re-entered the PC market in August 2009 with the introduction of the Nokia Booklet 3G mini laptop.[53]

Challenges of growth[edit]





The Nokia House, Nokia's head office located by the Gulf of Finland in Keilaniemi, Espoo, was constructed between 1995 and 1997. It is the workplace of more than 1,000 Nokia employees.[25]
In the 1980s, during the era of its CEO Kari Kairamo, Nokia expanded into new fields, mostly by acquisitions. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the corporation ran into serious financial problems, a major reason being its heavy losses by the television manufacturing division and businesses that were just too diverse.[54] These problems, and a suspected total burnout, probably contributed to Kairamo taking his own life in 1988. After Kairamo's death, Simo Vuorilehto became Nokia's chairman and CEO. In 1990–1993, Finland underwent severe economic depression,[55] which also struck Nokia. Under Vuorilehto's management, Nokia was severely overhauled. The company responded by streamlining its telecommunications divisions, and by divesting itself of the television and PC divisions.[56]

Probably the most important strategic change in Nokia's history was made in 1992, however, when the new CEO Jorma Ollila made a crucial strategic decision to concentrate solely on telecommunications.[27] Thus, during the rest of the 1990s, the rubber, cable and consumer electronics divisions were gradually sold as Nokia continued to divest itself of all of its non-telecommunications businesses.[27]

As late as 1991, more than a quarter of Nokia's turnover still came from sales in Finland. However, after the strategic change of 1992, Nokia saw a huge increase in sales to North America, South America and Asia.[57] The exploding worldwide popularity of mobile telephones, beyond even Nokia's most optimistic predictions, caused a logistics crisis in the mid-1990s.[58] This prompted Nokia to overhaul its entire logistics operation.[59] By 1998, Nokia's focus on telecommunications and its early investment in GSM technologies had made the company the world's largest mobile phone manufacturer,[57] a position it would hold for the next 14 consecutive years until 2012. Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia's turnover increased almost fivefold from 6.5 billion euros to 31 billion euros.[57] Logistics continues to be one of Nokia's major advantages over its rivals, along with greater economies of scale.[60][61]

2000 to present[edit]

Product releases[edit]





The Nokia 3310, sold between 2000 and 2003, was arguably one of the most well-known mobile phones.




Reduction in size of Nokia mobile phones
Nokia launched its Nokia 1100 handset in 2003,[35] with over 200 million units shipped, was the best-selling mobile phone of all time and the world's top-selling consumer electronics product.[62] Nokia was one of the first players in the mobile space to recognize that there was a market opportunity in combining a game console and a mobile phone (both of which many gamers were carrying in 2003) into the N-Gage. The N-Gage was a mobile phone and game console meant to lure gamers away from the Game Boy Advance, though it cost twice as much.[63] The N-Gage was not a success, and from 2007 and 2008, Nokia started to offer an N-Gage service on existing Symbian S60 smartphones to play games.

Nokia Productions was the first ever mobile filmmaking project directed by Spike Lee. Work began in April 2008, and the film premiered in October 2008.[64]

In 2009, the company announced a high-end Windows-based netbook called the Nokia Booklet 3G.[53] On 2 September 2009, Nokia launched two new music and social networking phones, the X6 and X3.[65] The Nokia X6 featured 32 GB of on-board memory with a 3.2" finger touch interface and comes with a music playback time of 35 hours. The Nokia X3 was the first series 40 Ovi Store-enabled device. The X3 was a music device that comes with stereo speakers, built-in FM radio, and a 3.2-megapixel camera. In 2009, Nokia also unveiled the 7705 Twist, a phone sporting a square shape that swiveled open to reveal a full QWERTY keypad, featuring a 3-megapixel camera, web browsing, voice commands and weighting around 3.44 ounces (98 g).[66]

On 9 August 2012, Nokia launched for the Indian market two new Asha range of handsets equipped with cloud accelerated Nokia browser, helping users browse the Internet faster and lower their spend on data charges.[67]


Symbian[edit]

Symbian was the main operating system of Nokia smartphones by 2012, Nokia 808 PureView, launched in February 2012 was the last Symbian smartphone.

In Q4 2004, Nokia released its first touch screen phone, the Nokia 7710.

In September 2006, Nokia announced the Nokia N95, a Symbian-powered slider smartphone. It was released in February 2007 as the first phone with a 5-megapixel camera. It became hugely popular. An 8 GB variant was released in October 2007.

In November 2007, Nokia announced and released the Nokia N82, its first Nseries phone with Xenon flash. At the Nokia World conference in December 2007, Nokia announced their "Comes With Music" program: Nokia device buyers are to receive a year of complimentary access to music downloads.[68] The service became commercially available in the second half of 2008.

The first Nseries device, the N90, utilised the older Symbian OS 8.1 mobile operating system, as did the N70. Subsequently Nokia switched to using SymbianOS 9 for all later Nseries devices (except the N72, which was based on the N70). Newer Nseries devices incorporate newer revisions of SymbianOS 9 that include Feature Packs. The N800, N810, N900, N9 and N950 are as of April 2012 the only Nseries devices (therefore excluding Lumia devices) to not use Symbian OS. They use the Linux-based Maemo, except the N9(50), which uses MeeGo.[69]

In 2008, Nokia released the Nokia E71 which was marketed to directly compete with the other BlackBerry-type devices offering a full "qwerty" keyboard and cheaper prices.

The Nokia N8, from September 2010, is the first device to function on the Symbian^3 mobile operating system. Nokia revealed that the N8 will be the last device in its flagship N-series devices to ship with Symbian OS.[70][71]

The Nokia 808 PureView has a 41-megapixel camera, more than any other smartphone on the market. It was released in February 2012 and contains a 1.3 GHz processor. On 25 January 2013, Nokia announced this was the last Symbian smartphone the company would make.[72]





Nokia 6600 from 2003 with a VGA camera, Bluetooth and expandable memory. It was the first Nokia and Symbian device to sell over a million. (Series 60 2nd)






Nokia N73 released in August 2006, with 3G and a front camera. (S60 3rd)






The Nokia N95 released in March 2007, with a 5-megapixel camera and sliding multimedia keys. Often considered Nokia's hero smartphone. (S60 3rd)






Nokia E71 with a QWERTY keyboard, released in July 2008. (S60 3rd)






The Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, Nokia's first full-touch smartphone. (S60 5th)






The Nokia N97 released in June 2009 contains a sliding QWERTY and has on-board 32 GB of storage. (S60 5th)






The Nokia N8 released in September 2010 is the first Symbian^3 device, and the first to feature a 12-megapixel autofocus lens. (Symbian^3/Anna/Belle)






The Nokia 808 PureView, released in February 2012 as the last Symbian smartphone, features a 41-megapixel camera and a 1.3 GHz CPU. (Belle)


Linux devices[edit]





Nokia N9 running MeeGo Harmattan
Alongside Symbian, Nokia had Linux-based devices. The first of which were the Nokia Internet tablets and the Nokia N900, which ran Maemo, a Debian-based version of Linux.[73]

Nokia had stated that Maemo would be developed alongside Symbian.

At the Mobile World Congress in February 2010, it was announced that the Maemo project (from version 6) would be merging with Intel's Moblin to create MeeGo.[74] One phone, the Nokia N9 was released and consequently the project was abandoned in favour of Windows Phone. Development is now continued under name Sailfish OS.[75][76]

If the Nokia Normandy project running Android is released, it will be the return of Linux-based smartphones at the company.[77]

Series 40 and the Asha Platform[edit]





Nokia Asha 501
Series 40 is a phone platform mainly used in feature phones mainly running Java-based applications. However, in the Asha range of smartphones, it has been marketed as a smartphone OS, despite not actually supporting smartphone features like multitasking or a fully-fledged HTML browser.[78]

After Nokia acquired Smarterphone, a company making the Smarterphone OS for low end phones, their platform was combined with Series 40 to form the Asha Platform, which also inherits some UI characteristics from Nokia's MeeGo platform. The Asha 501 was the first phone running the new OS.[79]

Reorganizations[edit]

Nokia opened its Komárom, Hungary mobile phone factory on 5 May 2000.[80]

In March 2007, Nokia signed a memorandum with Cluj County Council, Romania to

罗西

a new plant near the city in Jucu commune.[81][82][83] Moving the production from the Bochum, Germany factory to a low wage country created an uproar in Germany.[84][85] Nokia recently moved its North American Headquarters to Sunnyvale.

In April 2003, the troubles of the networks equipment division caused the corporation to resort to similar streamlining practices on that side, including layoffs and organizational restructuring.[86] This diminished Nokia's public image in Finland,[87][88] and produced a number of court cases and an episode of a documentary television show critical of Nokia.[89]

On February 2006, Nokia and Sanyo announced a memorandum of understanding to create a joint venture addressing the CDMA handset business. But in June, they announced ending negotiations without agreement. Nokia also stated its decision to pull out of CDMA research and development, to continue CDMA business in selected markets.[90][91][92]

In June 2006, Jorma Ollila left his position as CEO to become the chairman of Royal Dutch Shell[93] and to give way for Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo.[94][95]

In May 2008, Nokia announced on their annual stockholder meeting that they want to shift to the Internet business as a whole. Nokia no longer wants to be seen as the telephone company. Google, Apple and Microsoft are not seen as natural competition for their new image but they are considered as major important players to deal with.[96]

In November 2008, Nokia announced that it was ceasing mobile phone distribution in Japan.[97] Following early December, distribution of Nokia E71 is cancelled, both from NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile. Nokia Japan retains global research & development programs, sourcing business, and an MVNO venture of Vertu luxury phones, using docomo's telecommunications network.

In April 2009, Check Point announced that it has completed the acquisition of Nokia's network security business unit.[98]

In February 2012, Nokia announced that it was laying off 4,000 employees to move manufacturing from Europe and Mexico to Asia.[99]

In March 2012, Nokia announced that it was laying off 1,000 employees from its Salo, Finland factory to focus on software.[100] In June 2012, research facilities in Ulm, Germany and Burnaby, Canada were closed, resulting in the loss of further jobs. The company also announced its plan to layoff 10,000 jobs globally by the end of 2013.[101]

In January 2013, Nokia announced the layoff of about 1,000 employees from its IT, production and logistics divisions. The company planned to transfer the jobs of about 715 employees to subcontractors.[102]

Acquisitions[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of acquisitions by Nokia.





The Nokia E55 from the business segment of the Eseries range
On 22 September 2003, Nokia acquired Sega.com, a branch of Sega which became the major basis to develop the Nokia N-Gage device.[103]

On 16 November 2005, Nokia and Intellisync Corporation, a provider of data and PIM synchronization software, signed a definitive agreement for Nokia to acquire Intellisync.[104] Nokia completed the acquisition on 10 February 2006.[105]

On 19 June 2006, Nokia and Siemens AG announced the companies would merge their mobile and fixed-line phone network equipment businesses to create one of the world's largest network firms, Nokia Siemens Networks.[106] Each company has a 50% stake in the infrastructure company, and it is headquartered in Espoo, Finland. The companies predicted annual sales of ?16 bn and cost savings of ?1.5 bn a year by 2010. About 20,000 Nokia employees were transferred to this new company.

On 8 August 2006, Nokia and Loudeye Corp. announced that they had signed an agreement for Nokia to acquire online music distributor Loudeye Corporation for approximately US$60 million.[107] The company has been developing this into an online music service in the hope of using it to generate handset sales. The service, launched on 29 August 2007, is aimed to rival iTunes. Nokia completed the acquisition on 16 October 2006.[108]

In July 2007, Nokia acquired all assets of Twango, the comprehensive media sharing solution for organizing and sharing photos, videos and other personal media.[109][110]

In September 2007, Nokia announced its intention to acquire Enpocket, a supplier of mobile advertising technology and services.[111]

In October 2007, pending shareholder and regulatory approval, Nokia bought Navteq, a U.S.-based supplier of digital mapping data, for a price of $8.1 billion.[5][112] Nokia finalized the acquisition on 10 July 2008.[113]

In September 2008, Nokia acquired OZ Communications, a privately held company with approximately 220 employees headquartered in Montreal, Canada.[114]

On 24 July 2009, Nokia announced that it will acquire certain assets of Cellity, a privately owned mobile software company which employs 14 people in Hamburg, Germany.[115] The acquisition of Cellity was completed on 5 August 2009.[116]

On 11 September 2009, Nokia announced the acquisition of "certain assets of Plum Ventures, Inc, a privately held company which employed approximately 10 people with main offices in Boston, Massachusetts. Plum will complement Nokia's Social Location services".[117]

On 28 March 2010, Nokia announced the acquisition of Novarra, the mobile web browser firm from Chicago. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. Novarra is a privately held company based in Chicago, IL and provider of a mobile browser and service platform and has more than 100 employees.[118]

On 10 April 2010, Nokia announced its acquisition of MetaCarta, whose technology was planned to be used in the area of local search, particularly involving location and other services. Financial details of acquisition were not disclosed.[119]

In 2012, Nokia acquired Smarterphone, a developer of an operating system for feature phones, and the imaging company Scalado.[120][121]

Loss of Market Share in Smartphones[edit]

Apple Inc. came into the smartphone market that would later put pressure on Nokia. Although originally launched in 2007, the iPhone continued to be outsold and unfavoured by Nokia smartphones, most notably the Nokia N95.[122] Symbian had a dominating 62.5% market share as of Q4 2007 – ahead of its closest competitors Microsoft's Windows Mobile (11.9%) and RIM (10.9%). However, with the launch of the iPhone 3G in 2008, Apple's market share doubled by the end of that year, YoY, and iPhone OS (now known as iOS) operating system market share pulled ahead of Windows Mobile. Although in Q4 2008, Nokia was still by far the largest smartphone maker with a 40.8% share, it had a decline of over 10% since Q4 2007, mirrored with Apple's increasing share.[123] The N95's successor Nokia N96, released in late 2008, proved to be much less favorable, although the Nokia 5800 XpressMusic was mainly considered to be the iPhone 3G's main rival. Despite the brilliant critical and commercial success of the Nokia E71,[124] it was not enough to stop Nokia's smartphone market slide. On 24 June 2008, Nokia bought the Symbian operating system and the next year made it open source.[125]

In early 2009, the Nokia N97 was released, a touchscreen device with a landscape QWERTY slider that focused on social networking. It was overall a commercial success despite its mainly mixed reception. The N97's closest competitor was the iPhone 3GS. 2009 was a successful year for Nokia's business smartphone market – several key devices were launched such as the Nokia E52 which gained positive reception.[126][127] However, Symbian market share dropped from 52.4% in Q4 2008 to 46.1% a year later. RIM increased its share during the same period from 16.6% to 19.9%, but the big winner was once again Apple who increased the share from 8.2% to 14.4%. Android grew too but at 3.9% it was still a minor player.[128]

2010 was a bad year for Nokia and Symbian, and a very successful one for Google. Pressure on Nokia increased dramatically as the Linux-based operating system Android continued to make extraordinary gains.[129] Other Symbian makers including Samsung and Sony Ericsson chose to make Android-powered smartphones instead of Symbian,[130] and by mid-2010 Nokia itself was the only OEM of the operating system outside of Japan. Nokia developed the next generation Symbian platform, Symbian^3, to replace S60. In April 2010, Nokia officially announced the Nokia N8 smartphone, packing a 12 megapixel camera with Xenon flash, a metal aluminum body, and the first device running Symbian^3. It was released in October. Despite several improvements in Symbian^3, it was still not favoured by the public. The Guardian for example, put the N8 review's headline as Nokia N8 review: like hardware? You'll love this. Like software? Ah.... ZDNet stated that the Symbian's operating system is not as intuitive as Android and iOS. The Guardian said that despite Symbian's touchscreen improvements over S60 5th Edition, it was still not a good experience.[131] By Q4 2010, Symbian's market share dipped to 32%, whereas Android made a major rise to 30%.[132] Despite losing market share, the smartphone unit was profitable and smartphone sales increased in absolute numbers every quarter during the year 2010.[133] It has been estimated that 4 million units of the Nokia N8 have been sold in Q4 2010.[134]

Alliance with Microsoft and Windows Phone[edit]

罗西

On 11 February 2011, Nokia's CEO Stephen Elop, a former head of Microsoft business division, unveiled a new strategic alliance with Microsoft, and announced it would replace Symbian and the MeeGo project with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system[135][136] except for non-smartphones. Nokia was also to invest into the Series 40 platform and release a single MeeGo product in 2011, which shipped as the Nokia N9.[137]

As part of the restructuring plan, Nokia planned to reduce spending on research and development, instead customising and enhancing the software line for Windows Phone 7.[138] Nokia's "applications and content store" (Ovi) becomes integrated into the Windows Phone Store, and Nokia Maps is at the heart of Microsoft's Bing and AdCenter. Microsoft provides developer tools to Nokia to replace the Qt framework, which is not supported by Windows Phone 7 devices.[139]

Symbian became described by Elop as a "franchise platform" with Nokia planning to sell 150 million Symbian devices after the alliance was set up. MeeGo emphasis was on longer-term exploration, with plans to ship "a MeeGo-related product" later in 2012. Microsoft's search engine, Bing was to become the search engine for all Nokia phones. Nokia also intended to get some level of customisation on WP7.[140]

After this announcement, Nokia's share price fell about 14%, its biggest drop since July 2009.[141] Following the replacement of the Symbian system, Nokia's smartphone sales figures, which had previously increased, collapsed dramatically.[13] From the beginning of 2011 until 2013, Nokia fell from its position as the world's largest smartphone vendor to assume the status of tenth largest.[14]

As Nokia was the largest mobile phone and smartphone manufacturer worldwide at the time,[142] it was suggested the alliance would make Microsoft's Windows Phone 7 a stronger contender against Android and iOS.[139] Because previously increasing sales of Symbian smartphones began to fall rapidly in the beginning of 2011, Nokia was overtaken by Apple as the world's biggest smartphone maker by volume in June 2011.[143] [144] In August 2011 Chris Weber, head of Nokia's subsidiary in the U.S., stated "The reality is if we are not successful with Windows Phone, it doesn't matter what we do (elsewhere)." He further added "North America is a priority for Nokia (...) because it is a key market for Microsoft.".[145]

Nokia reported "well above 1 million" sales for its Lumia line up to 26 January 2012,[146][147] 2 million sales for the first quarter of 2012,[148] and 4 million for the second quarter of 2012.[149] In this quarter, Nokia only sold 600,000 smartphones (Symbian and Windows Phone 7) in North America.[150] For comparison, Nokia sold more than 30 million Symbian devices world-wide still in Q4 2010[151] and the Nokia N8 alone sold almost 4 million in its first quarter of sale. In Q2 2012, 26 million iPhones and 105 million Android phones have been shipped, but only 6.8 million devices with Symbian and 5.4 million with Windows Phone.[152]

While announcing an alliance with Groupon, Elop declared "The competition... is not with other device manufacturers, it's with Google."[153]

European carriers have stated that Nokia Windows phones are not good enough to compete with Apple iPhone or Samsung Galaxy phones, that "they are overpriced for what is not an innovative product" and that "No one comes into the store and asks for a Windows phone".[154]

In June 2012, Nokia chairman Risto Siilasmaa told journalists that Nokia had a back-up plan in the eventuality that Windows Phone failed to be sufficiently successful in the market.[155][156]

Financial difficulties[edit]





Market share of Symbian, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 among US smartphone owners from Q1 2011 to Q2 2012 according to Nielsen Company.
Amid falling sales, Nokia posted a loss of 368 million euros for Q2 2011, while in Q2 2010 had still a profit of 227 million euros. On September 2011, Nokia has announced it will lose another 3,500 jobs worldwide, including the closure of its Cluj factory in Romania.[157]

On 8 February 2012, Nokia Corp. said to cut around 4,000 jobs at smartphone manufacturing plants in Europe by the end of 2012 to move assembly closer to component supplier in Asia. It plans to cut 2,300 of the 4,400 jobs in Hungary, 700 out of 1,000 jobs in Mexico, and 1,000 out of 1,700 factory jobs in Finland.[158]

On 14 June 2012, Nokia announced to cut 10,000 jobs globally by the end of 2013[159] and shut production and research sites in Finland, Germany and Canada in line with continuing losses and the stock price falling to its lowest point since 1996. Today, Nokia's market value is below $10 billion.[160]

In total, according to actualized and planned laid-offs Nokia will have laid off 24,500 employees by the end of 2013. Nokia has already laid off 7,000 employees in the first stage: 4,000 staff and transferred also 3,000 to services firm Accenture. Nokia also closed its factory in Cluj, Romania that decreased the workforce by 2,000 employees, and restructured the Location & Commerce business unit that decreased the workforce by 1,200 employees. In February 2012, Nokia unveiled a plan to cut 4,000 more jobs at its plants in Finland, Hungary and Mexico as it moves smartphone assembly work to Asia. The most recent plan is to cut further 10,000 jobs globally by the end of 2013.[161] Nokia had 66,267 personnel in its Devices&Services, NAVTEQ and Corporate Common Functions units combined, this has been calculated by subtracting the personnel of Nokia Siemens Networks from the total personnel of Nokia Group based on the full year report of 2010.[162] Therefore, the personnel would decrease by approximately 36 percent by the end of 2013 when compared to the end of 2010 that best depicts the lay-offs that have resulted from the strategy change in February 2011 and competition in the central mobile phone business units recently.

On 18 June 2012, Moody's downgraded Nokia rating to junk.[163] Nokia CEO admitted on 28 June 2012 that company's inability to foresee rapid changes in mobile phone industry was one of the major reasons for the problems company was facing.[164]

On 4 May 2012, a group of Nokia investors filed a class action against the company as a result of disappointing sales of Nokia phones running on the Windows Phone platform.[165] On 22 August 2012, it was reported that a group of Finnish Nokia investors were considering gathering signatures for the removal of Elop as CEO.[166]

On 29 October 2012, Nokia said its high-end Lumia 820 and 920 phones, which will run on Microsoft's Windows Phone 8 software, will reach first operators and retail outlets in some European markets including France and Britain and later in Russia and Germany as well as other select markets.[167]

On 5 December 2012, Nokia introduced two new smartphones, the Lumia 620 and Lumia 920T. The 620 was released in January 2013.

In January 2013, Nokia reported 6.6 million smartphone sales for Q4 2012 consisting of 2.2 million Symbian and 4.4 million sales of Lumia devices (Windows Phone 7 and 8).[168] In North America, only 700,000 mobile phones have been sold including smartphones.

In May 2013 Nokia released the Asha platform for its low-end borderline smartphone devices. The Verge commented that this may be a recognition on the part of Nokia that they are unable to move Windows Phone into the bottom end of smartphone devices fast enough and may be "hedging their commitment" to the Windows Phone platform.[169]

In December 2012, Nokia announced that it would be selling its headquarters Nokia House for ?170 million.[170] In the same month, Nokia announced its partnership with the world's largest cellular operator China Mobile to offer Nokia's new Windows-based phone, the Lumia 920, as Lumia 920T, an exclusive Chinese variant. The partnership was a bid by Nokia to connect with China Mobile's 700 million-person customer base.[171]

Following the second quarter of 2013, Nokia made an operating loss of ?115m (?98.8m), with revenues falling 24% to ?5.7bn, despite sales figures for the Lumia exceeding those of BlackBerry's handsets during the same period. Over the nine-quarters prior to the second quarter of 2013, Nokia sustained ?4.1 billion worth of operating losses. The company experienced particular problems in both China and the U.S.; in the former, Nokia's handset revenues are the lowest since 2002, while in the U.S., Francisco Jeronimo, analyst for research company IDC, stated: "Nokia continues to show no signs of recovery in the US market. High investments, high expectations, low results."[172]

In July 2013, Nokia announced that Lumia sales were 7.4 million for the second quarter of the year – a record high.[173]

Acquisition of mobile phone business by Microsoft[edit]

On 2 September 2013, Microsoft, the producer of the Windows Phone operating system that has powered all of Nokia's recent smartphone products, announced that it would acquire Nokia's mobile device business in a deal worth ?3.79bn, along with another ?1.65bn to license Nokia's portfolio of patents for 10 years; a deal totaling at over ?5.4bn. Steve Ballmer considered the purchase to be a "bold step into the future" for both companies, primarily as a result of its recent collaboration. Following the sale, Nokia will focus on three core business units; it's Here mapping service (which Microsoft will license for four years under the deal), its infrastructure division Nokia Solutions and Networks (NSN), and on developing and licensing its "advanced technologies". Pending regulatory approval, the acquisition is expected to close in early 2014. As part of the deal, a number of Nokia executives will join Microsoft, and Stephen Elop will step down as CEO of Nokia and become the head of Microsoft's devices team; Risto Siilasmaa will replace Elop as interim CEO.[15][16][174][175]

While Microsoft will license the Nokia brand under a 10-year agreement, Nokia will be unable to use its name on smartphones and will be subject to a non-compete clause preventing it from producing any mobile devices under the Nokia name through 31 December 2015. Microsoft will acquire the rights to the Asha and Lumia brands as part of the deal.[176]

In an interview with Helsingin Sanomat, former Nokia executive Anssi Vanjoki commented that the Microsoft deal was "inevitable" due to the "failed strategy" of Stephen Elop.[177]

In October 2013, Nokia predicted a more profitable future for its NSN networks equipment business, which will become the company's main business once its former flagship phones division is sold to Microsoft for $7.4 billion in 2014.[178]

Android - The Normandy Project[edit]

Main article: Nokia Normandy





The Nokia Normandy, showing Nokia's Android UI
A media report revealed in mid-September 2013 that Nokia tested the Android operating system on both its Lumia and Asha hardware. At the time, the future of these projects was unknown.[179] However, a new report on 11 December 2013 showed the Asha-like device, codenamed 'Normandy' for the first time, stating that despite the finalisation of the acquisition, development of the device is continuing.[180] AllThingsD suggested that Microsoft may not actually axe development on the device.[181]

Operations[edit]

In 2011, Nokia had 130,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries, global annual revenue of over ?38 billion, and operating loss of ?1 billion.[182] It was the world's largest manufacturer of mobile phones in 2011, with global device market share of 23% in the second quarter.[142]

The Nokia Research Center, founded in 1986, is Nokia's industrial research unit consisting of about 500 researchers, engineers and scientists;[183][184] it has sites in seven countries: Finland, China, India, Kenya, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.[185] Besides its research centers, in 2001 Nokia founded (and owns) INdT – Nokia Institute of Technology, a R&D institute located in Brazil.[186] Nokia operates a total of 7 manufacturing facilities[8] located at Manaus, Brazil; Beijing and Dongguan, China; Komárom, Hungary; Chennai, India; Reynosa, Mexico; and Changwon, South Korea.[81][187] Nokia's industrial design department is headquartered in Soho in London, UK with significant satellite offices in Helsinki, Finland and Calabasas, California in the US.

Nokia is a public limited-liability company listed on the Helsinki, Frankfurt, and New York stock exchanges.[8] Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland.[188][189] It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as its partners and subcontractors.[190] In 2009 Nokia contributed 1.6% to Finland's GDP, and accounted for about 16% of Finland's exports in 2006.[191]

Divisions[edit]

Since 1 July 2010, Nokia comprises three business groups: Mobile Solutions, Mobile Phones and Markets.[192] The three units receive operational support from the Corporate Development Office, led by Kai ?ist?m?, which is also responsible for exploring corporate strategic and future growth opportunities.[192]

On 1 April 2007, Nokia's Networks business group was combined with Siemens's carrier-related operations for fixed and mobile networks to form Nokia Siemens Networks, jointly owned by Nokia and Siemens and consolidated by Nokia.[193] Nokia bought the 50% share and took full control of the group on 3 July 2013.[194]

Mobile Solutions[edit]


Ambox current red.svg
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2014)





The Nokia N900, a Maemo 5 Linux based mobile Internet device and touchscreen smartphone from Nokia's Nseries portfolio.
Mobile Solutions is responsible for Nokia's portfolio of smartphones and mobile computers, including the more expensive multimedia and enterprise-class devices. The team is also responsible for a suite of internet services (formerly under the Ovi brand), with a strong focus on maps and navigation, music, messaging and media.[192] This unit is led by Anssi Vanjoki, along with Tero Ojanper? (for Services) and Alberto Torres (for MeeGo Computers).[192]

Mobile Phones[edit]





The Nokia Lumia 920 using inductive charging
See also: Category:Nokia mobile phones

Mobile Phones is responsible for Nokia's portfolio of affordable mobile phones, as well as a range of services that people can access with them, headed by Mary T. McDowell.[192] This unit provides the general public with mobile voice and data products across a range of devices, including high-volume, consumer oriented mobile phones. The devices are based on GSM/EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, HSDPA and CDMA cellular technologies.

多羡鱼少结网

估计罗西这一大堆又黑又红又黄的东东能把那大炮口堵住并将其憋得炸了 膛。

稀泥派 老刘

吐------     西罗         你这发的什么啊。。。有理说理，有事说事。。你这个是什么

罗西

一大堆又黑又红又黄的东东：   
先 Nokia 简介， 后芬蘭式裁員，再如何照顧待走路員工，
丝丝紧扣主题， 精彩还在后面。。。。。。。。。。。

加拿大老张

看来芬兰的高税收高福利的共产共妻制度, 也快跟冰岛一样, 走到头了.

罗西

看来芬兰的高税收高福利的共产共妻制度, 也快跟冰岛一样, 走到头了.
加拿大老张 发表于 2014-2-7 11:00 http://bbs.51.ca/images/common/back.gif

跑题了。 楼主磕巴大泡是想启发大家研究如何偷东西， 芬兰跟冰岛一样共产共妻显然是跑题了， 琢磨一下意大利吉普赛人显然是大伙应做的

宇宙洪荒

我所highlight出来的部分，是想说明，技术和专利的转让方式有若干种。我发过一帖，转载《纽约时报》的文章，中国从加拿大偷取i-max的技术。有人说，加拿大也不发明什么新科技，为啥还这么先进？

首先，加拿大的教育系统居于世界先进行列，创新能力并不弱。

其次，就如上面文章所写的，这世界上除了偷、和直接购买专利，还有许多种知识产权的合理的转让方式。

我们就瞧瞧，当贼当的理直气装的这伙人，你们靠偷能不能偷出个大国崛起。特别是将偷窃作为一种“国家战略”，乃至以国家机器为执行机构，在全世界范围内实施偷窃。
克虏伯大炮 发表于 2014-2-7 00:49 http://bbs.51.ca/images/common/back.gif

大国崛起不是偷一个字能办到的，
一些道德规范在常人之间适用，在不同的利益群体甚至国家民族间就不好说了。
各个公司间的“间谍偷窃”行为其实最好办，上法庭吧。
每天到处都在发生，没必要以此谩骂国人，当然也不是什么光彩事情。

说的远点，美国的侦察机间谍卫星又是在干什么？
通过技术把对自己有用的信息弄到手，和偷是一个性质。

加一句：讲的是芬兰式裁员，和中国公司偷技术有点风马牛了。

rocky28

专利免费送人, Nokia 股民一定不乐意. 芬兰政府有没有施加影响?

社会主义的作为. 其实是不错. 该不会是大股东逃了难,小股东抗起了吧?

"大炮"看来挺喜欢社会主义嘛!

克虏伯大炮

哈哈哈...
情报搜集，全世界都在做
以国家资源在全世界偷取别人的知识产权，只有某国政府在做

我纠正你两点

第一——你认为情报搜集＝偷知识产权？
我就知道你们会这么虾饺。别国政府搜集的情报，是与国家安全有关。知识产权是私人的财产。

第二——问题不是中国公司在偷技术。而是中共政府，在全世界偷。而且将其作为一种“国家战略”。

大国崛起不是偷一个字能办到的，
一些道德规范在常人之间适用，在不同的利益群体甚至国家民族间就不好说了。
各个公司间的“间谍偷窃”行为其实最好办，上法庭吧。
每天到处都在发生，没必要以此谩骂国人，当然也不是什么光彩事情。

说的远点，美国的侦察机间谍卫星又是在干什么？
通过技术把对自己有用的信息弄到手，和偷是一个性质。

加一句：讲的是芬兰式裁员，和中国公司偷技术有点风马牛了。
落日浮云 发表于 2014-2-7 11:54

罗西

自4月1日美军EP－3侦察机违反飞行规则撞毁我军飞机并擅自闯入中国领空、降落我机场事件发生后，世界舆论为之大哗。各国媒体纷纷谴责美国的霸权主义行径。

　　其实，熟悉美国情况的人都知道，这种事情的发生决非偶然。多年来，美国一直在世界许多地方进行着间谍侦察活动，使尽浑身解数，多方窥探他国的军事、
  
经济和政治等方面的秘密。


侦察飞机四处游荡
　　在美国眼里，对他国进行侦察活动，已经成了一种“例行性”行为。4月3日，一名俄罗斯军方高级官员说，今年以来，俄罗斯已在其边境地带侦测到数百次北约间谍飞机活动。去年俄罗斯侦测到约1000次美国和其他北约国家的间谍飞机行动；俄雷达系统每周都在俄罗斯远东海岸几个大的军事基地附近追踪到60架侦察机。而在前苏联时期，战斗机紧急升空驱赶外国飞机的事几乎是家常便饭。朝鲜也指责美国侦察机对其进行间谍活动。朝鲜中央通讯社说，美国侦察机3月份对朝鲜进行了180次空中侦察，参与间谍活动的有战略及战术侦察机和指挥机。它们执行的是驻韩美军及其他海外基地指派的侦察任务。至于近年来美间谍飞机对伊拉克、南联盟、伊朗等所谓“受关注国家”的侦察和滋扰活动，更是多不胜数。

　　自1916年3月16日，美军一架“寇蒂斯”JN－3型飞机飞越边界，深入墨西哥境内50公里而首开对外军事侦察的先河之后，美国的军用侦察机便逐步飞出国门，窥探别国，至二次大战及以后的冷战时期，更是达到了史无前例的顶点。冷战结束后，国际局势虽然趋向缓和，但美国为实现独霸天下的美梦，并未放弃其对全球尤其是欧洲、亚太、中东这3大地区的空中侦察活动。以对亚太地区的侦察活动为例，为刺探中俄朝等国的军事情况，美国仅在冲绳基地部署的各类电子侦察机就有50架之多，另有数十架各类电子对抗飞机。其侦察机的活动相当活跃，单是对朝鲜的侦察，平均每月就有五六十架次。据俄军《红星报》披露，为了对付美军频繁的空中侦察活动，俄军每分钟都准备驱逐侦察机，并用电子对抗设施进行“软反击”，俄军还经常发出大量假讯息，迷惑和欺骗美国的军用侦察机。


间谍卫星贼眼窥人
　　除了运用空中侦察外，太空电子侦察也是美国获取情报的一大手段。在2000 年里，欧洲曾对美国通过卫星进行电子窃听表示过强烈不满。欧盟主要机构之一的欧洲议会曾揭露说，美国自冷战以来一直利用“阶梯”太空窃听系统在全球进行窃密活动，甚至对欧洲盟友也不留情，“每小时都有数十万条信息和数据被窃取”，其中包括电话、传真和电子邮件。欧洲议会初步估计，美国通过电子窃听获取商业秘密的活动已使欧洲损失200亿美元。

　　美国的间谍卫星已经在太空晃悠了40多年，把地球的每一个角落都仔细勘测了无数遍，拍下了数不清的高分辨率照片。但美国仍不满足，继续加强间谍卫星网的构筑。据3月18日美国《洛杉矶时报》透露，美国国家侦察局准备花250亿美元，在未来20年里打造有史以来规模最大的、名为“未来图像基建”的间谍卫星网，以便利用性能更强大的雷达和望远镜系统，能够在任何气候条件下，拍摄到世界上任何地区军事设施的高清晰度照片。美国军事专家说，这个用最先进科技武装起来的间谍卫星网部署完成后，美国在太空将拥有世界第一大间谍卫星阵容，可随时在世界各地侦察军事动态。这种新式侦察卫星将处于比目前的卫星更高的位置，这使得该卫星可以在单位时间单位地点内拍摄的图像数是目前的8～10倍。

　　目前美军正研制体积更小、制造精巧、更便宜、更高效、更容易布置的小卫星。这些小卫星在不远的将来，可形成相互联系的微型卫星群（每颗重量在10～ 100公斤）和超微卫星群（每颗重量低于10公斤）。这些卫星群可帮助美国实现“ 数字化地球”的梦想。


监听网站无孔不入
　　在对全球的窥视活动中，除了卫星和侦察飞机等外，还有一个必须提到的，就是美国的国家安全总局（NSA）及其遍及全球的各类监听站（所）。美国国家安全局总部位于华盛顿和巴尔的摩市之间，是目前美国最大的间谍机构，其主要任务是监控海外的通讯和破译密码，其在美国本土的主要任务是监控外国驻美使领馆，也监控被怀疑是外国间谍的美国公民。

　　国家安全局是美国军事系统的重要情报机关。它名义上是国防部的一个部门，而实际上则是一个隶属于总统并为国家安全委员会提供情报的秘密组织，其经费开支和人员编制均不受财政部和人事部检查。该局谍报活动每小时耗资约达10 0万美元，总计每年至少耗资120亿美元。该局总部和外站共有军人和文职工作人员约16万人，比美国其他情报部门的雇员总和还多。美国政府每天收到的秘密情报，约有85％是NSA提供的。因此该局一向有世界上最大的“超级情报机构”之称。

　　NSA的主要工作是：通过侦察卫星和遍布全世界的监听站，截获世界各国的无线电通讯信号，侦察各国的军事动向，破译各国的密码；搜集各国的信息资料，为美国政府提供各种加工整理的情报资料等。NSA拥有一流的设备。它的总部大楼里布满了迄今为止世界上最先进的高性能电子装置。

　　在本部之外工作的NSA人员主要采用电子监听和窃听设备获得原始情报资料。美国生产的一种激光窃听枪能在800米之外将激光束发射到要窃听的目标玻璃上，根据室内谈话时声波轻微振动玻璃窗的原理，再用一个激光接收器接收由玻璃反射回来的激光而还原成声音。NSA还可以把一套复杂的电子窃听系统伪装成一段树枝，并包上树皮，然后嫁接在敌对国某空军基地的大树上。这段“电子树枝”可监听到该基地的任何声音，获取新式飞机的通信联络密码、各种型号雷达的绝密资料和驻扎战机的战略意图。前苏联空军某基地就曾经被美国“电子树枝”监听过。


海上谍影出没四海
　　广阔无垠的海洋，既是美国全力争夺的战略空间，也是其进行多类军事侦察的重要场所。自冷战以来，不仅美国海军的各类舰艇频繁对沿海国家及海上活动的各类舰船进行跟踪、监视、侦察和滋扰活动，而且NSA亦是赤膊上阵，用专门研制的海上情报船对别国进行侦察刺探活动。这种侦察船上一般都载有高精密的设备，如电信接收机、传感器、超远距离照相机以及密码破译机等，可对海岸附近军事情况进行监视，收集军事情报。除利用侦察船对别国进行间谍活动外，美国还利用安装在许多国家海底电缆上的窃听装置进行水中监听。

　　早在20世纪70年代时，就曾经有美国的“间谍艇”偷偷潜入前苏联的领海。艇上有善于深海潜水的蛙人。他们潜入前苏联领海的海底，把一个个窃听装置安装在电话电缆上。几个星期后，这些蛙人会再次来到苏联深海，取走已经录有谈话的窃听装置。

　　尽管这种监听手段比起卫星联网似乎要落后许多，但据一个名叫邓肯·坎贝尔的调查监视专家指出，美国目前仍保留一艘从事这种监听任务的潜水艇，对中东、地中海、东亚和和南美等地区进行水下监听。


威胁他国屡遭回击
　　捍卫国家领空领海等的安全，防止和遏制各类敌对军事活动对国家安全的危害，是任何一个国家的主权和军队的天职。因而，美国不顾国际法和国际关系准则、肆意对别国进行充满敌意和挑衅意味的军事侦察活动的霸权行径遭到了国际社会的普遍反对和有关国家的坚决回击。

　　1960年5月1日，美一架U－2侦察机在苏联上空进行侦察时被地对空导弹击落。驾驶员鲍尔斯被苏联以间谍罪判处10年监禁。飞机的残骸，包括飞机上的摄像机、胶卷也被苏联没收。

　　1968年朝鲜扣押美国的侦察船“普韦布洛”号。由此引起的争端使美国与朝鲜几近交战。11个月后，船员获释，但侦察船被扣，并被公开展示。

　　1969年4月15日，朝鲜击落了一架美国海军EC－121侦察机，机上31人全部丧生。该飞机当时深入朝鲜境内很远，但华盛顿却说该机奉命在朝鲜边界80公里以外飞行。

　　1999年3月21日，一架美国飞机因涉嫌进行间谍活动，在印度西部被印空军拦截迫降并扣留。

　　其实，美国并非不知道使用侦察机等对别国进行侦察是十分危险的。在NSA的展览区内，摆放着18棵树，用以纪念在冷战中坠毁的40多架美国飞机以及因执行间谍任务而丧生的200多名情报人员。为获取别国情报，美国真可谓不惜血本。


费尽心机霸欲难逞
　　美国斥巨资发展建立遍布全球的间谍网，并不惜血本地进行侦察活动，其目的是为了建立单极世界，推行霸权主义。目前，美军正大力加强情报系统的建设。其中，美国空军计划在2030年之前完成空军信息战部队的组建，加强新一代侦察、监视、预警等装备的研制，开发新一代的侦察卫星和高性能的无人侦察机。美国陆军和海军也在加紧发展新的侦察系统，其根本目的在于抢占21世纪的军事制高点，为其霸权战略服务。

　　除了军事因素外，强大的情报系统还有着十分重要的政治和经济作用。随着社会的信息化程度越来越高，争夺制信息权已经成为世界风云的“制高点”。所以，美国不择手段地掠夺别国的信息资源，其真正目的和实质是为了“控制地球 ”！在经济上，美国历来主张经济应当是“建立在能够最大限度地利用科学技术之上”，而现代科学技术的基础则是“信息优势”。所以，获取信息的间谍活动展示着科技先锋的形象。随着信息时代的来临和知识经济的出现，情报将成为国家生存和发展的一个重要支柱。从这些方面看出，美国大搞间谍活动有着深远的战略企图。

　　美国的所作所为，已经在各个领域引发世界各国越来越多的不满。世界已经进入21世纪。和平与发展依然是时代的主题。霸权主义不得人心，冷战思维没有出路。谁若死抱着霸权主义、冷战思维不放，谁就必将遭到时代的唾弃。美国应当好好反思一下自己的所作所为，免得惹恼天下，最终落个众叛亲离的下场。