第三十一单元 给出题目作文Title-Given Composition
第三十一单元 给出题目作文Title-Given Composition31．1 Introduction
A title-given composition requires students to grasp the ideas expressed in the title，and to create a piece of writing that has unity，support and coherence． Because there is no hints or any extra information in addition to the title．This kind of writing is comparatively difficult．But students may have a lot of freedom in writing．
Sample Test Item
Directions：Write a composition on the topic“Should Firecrackers Be Banned？”Your composition should be at least 100words．Remember to support the main idea with details and make your conclusion．Coherence is also important．
Write clearly．
31．2 Advice on How to Write the Composition
1）Examine the title carefully and make sure that you understand the main idea of the title；
2）Organize your ideas and write out an outline；
3）Produce a topic sentence for each paragraph；
4）Draft your essay．
31．3 Analysis of the Sample Test Item
1）Main idea of the title
The controlling idea is“firecrackers”．You seem to have a lot to write about．But your topic has been limited by the sentence“Should…be banned？”It is an interrogative sentence，so it must be a controversial topic．
2）Outline of the sample
Since it is a controversial topic，different opinions must exist．Thus，it is advisable to write out the conflicting opinions of different people．
a．different people have different opinions
b．good—reflects the heritage of Chinese culture
adds much to the warm atmosphere
adds emjoyment of people
bad—brings great economic loss to the country
causes certain disorder in the society
pollutes our environment
c．Your own opinion and conclusion
3）Topic Sentence of each paragraph
① Firecrackers have been used in China for hundreds of years．
② People in China have different opinions about setting off firecrackers．
③ In my opinion，setting off firecrackers should be banned．
Model Essay 31-1
Should Firecrackers be Banned？
Firecrackers have been used in China for hundreds of years．Firecrackers were always part of New Year's celebrations，weddings and other important occasions．
In recent years，however，people in China have different opinions about the old custom of setting off firecrackers．Some people think setting off firecrackers is a good thing，because it reflects the heritage of Chinese culture．It also adds much to the enjoyment of people and the warm atmosphere during important holidays．But others，on the other hand，believe that setting off firecrackers should be banned．The main reasons in their eyes are that it not only brings great economic loss to the country，but also causes certain disorder in the society．Furthermore，it pollutes our environment．
In my opinion，setting off firecrackers should be banned．However，we should replace this old custom with new enjoyable and safe ways of entertainment．Only then can we spend our holidays in a peaceful and joyful manner．
Exercise for Unit 31
Directions：（略） Is Failure a Bad Thing？
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第三十二单元 图表作文Writing a Composition Accor
第三十二单元 图表作文Writing a Composition Accordingto Tables and Graphs
32．1 Introduction
This kind of writing is an information interpretation process．The information may be given in numbers，lines or curves，etc．，usually a few explanations are given．The organization of the writing is essential to a good essay of tables and graphs．Generally，it is as follows：
General introduction——Analysis——Conclusion
概要介绍——分析图表——总结概括
That is，in the first paragraph，you have to demonstrate the general situation of what has been reflected in the table or graph；Then，in the second paragraph，you have to analyse carefully the numbers，lines or curves，and point out the rate of increase or discrease；In the end，you have to write your own opinion or comment．
Sample Test Item
Directions：Write a composition based on the title and the following chart in no less than 120 words．The causes are given under the horizontal line and the precentage of the totalof 80 fire incidents is given in the vertical column on the left．write clearly．
Leading Causes of Fires in China（1987）
32．2 Basic Writing Process of the Composition
1）Have a correct understanding of the given information，and grasp the main idea；
2）Make a careful analysis of the information，for example，ask yourself the questions like：
a．Who or what caused the fires？
b．What is the relationship between cause and frequency of fires？
3）Write an outline；
4）Use the right technique of writing．（The most common techniques used in this kind of writing is：comparison and contrast．）
32．3 Analysis of the Sample Test Item
The main idea of the graph is：Fire causes．From the graph，we know that there are three main causes of fires：
a．Smokers （nearly50％）
b．Defective insulation （38％）
c．Children playing with matches （12％）
Thus，we can，by comparing the above information，make a comment of the main topic，then reach a conclusion．
Model Essay 32-1
From the graph above，we can see that fire，one of the most terrible killers in China，is mainly caused by smokers，defective insulations or children playing with matches．
In 1987，80 fire incidents took place in China．While nearly50％were caused by smokers，38％were caused by defective insulation，and12％were caused by children playing with matches．No matter what the type of the fire，we can almost be sure that they were caused by carelessness．
From the graph，we can conclude that smokers are the leading cause of fires，but we also need to educate our children，warning them of the dangers of playing with matches and instruct workers be more careful with insulation．
Writing Assignment for Unit 32
Directions：Write a composition based on the statistical table about the total amount of China import and export．Yourcomposition should be no less than 100 words．
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第三十三单元 英文书信写作English Letter Writing
第三十三单元 英文书信写作English Letter Writing33．1 Introduction
Letter writing tests the English letter writing skill of the examinees．In this unit，we are going to focus on different types of letter writing，their form and language．We will also give you some advice on how to write an effective English letter．
33．2 Type of letters（信的类型）
English letters are generally divided into two types：
a．personal letters个人书信
b．business letters事务书信
33．3 Form（格式）
An English letter usually consists of six parts：heading（信头），inside address（收信人地址），salutation（称呼），body（信主体），complimentary close（结尾客套语）and signature（署名）．
1）Heading：In the upper right hand corner of the first page，write your full address and the date．
2）Inside Address：On the left side，above the salutation，put the name and full address of the addressee．However，this is often omitted in personal letters．
3）Salutation：The greeting to the addressee，written flush with the left margin，two spaces below the inside address．A comma follows the salutation in a personal letter；in a business letter，it is followed by a colon（：）．Besides，in personal letters，first names are usually used，while in business letters，the surnames are used．
4）Body：The contents of the letter．
5）Complimentary Close：The closing of a letter．
The conventional complimentary closes in business letters are：“Yours truly，”“Yours sincerely，”“Sincerely yours，”“Sincerely，”“Cordially yours，”“Yours cordially，”etc．
The close of a personal letter is of a more free choice．“Yours，”Affectionately，“Fondly，”“Yours with love，”“Love，”“With best wishes，”etc．
6）Signature：Put your name（always handwritten）．
The table below will give you a more visual presentation of the letter form：
33．4 Language（语言）
The style and tone of a personal letter（个人书信的写作风格和笔调）differ from those of a business letter．While the former is casual（随便自然），the latter is formal（正规）．A business letter should be polite in tone（笔调客气），exact and concise in wording（选词精确、恰当）．However，for either of them，the style should be clear and direct（清晰、达意）．Also，paragraphs in business letters tend to be short．The first and last paragraphs are usually single-sentence paragraphs．
33．5 Advice on How to Write English Letters in CET—4Exams
1）Carefully read the directions and the requirements，distinguish the type of the letter：a personal letter or a business letter．
2）Be clear about the purpose of the writing，and what you are to express in the letter．
3）Write according to the appropriate form．Pay attention to the different writing requirements of a personal and business letter．
4）Try to be clear，direct，concise in your writing，avoiding too many complimentary words．
Model of a Business Letter：
Department of Computer Science
Southeast University
Nanjing，Jiangsu Province 210025
People's Republic of China
February 8，1996
Office of Foreign Students
Yale University
New Haven，Connecticut，06520
U．S．A．
Dear Sir/Madame：
I am a senior at the Department of Computer Science，Southeast University，expecting to graduate in July this year．I am writing to inquire about the possibility of being enrolled in your university as a graduate student as of September，1994．
In the past three years，I have majored in Computer Science．Presently，I am doing my graduation project．Enclosed is the transcript of all the subjects which I have so far completed at my university．I received an excellent score in the College English Test Band-Six（CET-6）sponsored by the Educational Commission of China and therefore my knowledge of English is adequate for me to continue my studies in the U．S．A．
Please send me information on admission to your univetsity．As I have no relatives in the U．S．A．，I would also like to know about the procedures for applying for finacial aid．
Thank you very much．I look forward to hearing from you soon．
Yours sincerely，
（Mr．）Zhang Hua
Writing Assignment for Unit 33
指示：你原计划要回家度暑假。写一封信告诉家人你现在决定不回去了，并解释原因。请在30分钟内写完。
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第三十四单元 转换词语Transitional Words and Phra
第三十四单元 转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases34．1 Introduction
In the writing of English compositions，we have to use transitional words or phrases in order to make logical connections between individual sentences and paragraphs as well as enhance the overall coherence of an essay．Otnerwise，the paragraph or the essaywill be loosely connected．To see the difference，let's compare the following two versions of a paragraph：
（1）
Speaking and writing are different in many ways．Speech depends on sounds．Writing uses written symbols．Speech developed about 500，000 years ago．Written language is a comparatively recent development．It was invented only about six thousand years ago．Speech is usually Informal．The word choice in writing is often relatively formal．Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing．A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the writtenlanguage of most countries．Speech relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice．Writing lacks gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice．Careful speakers and writers are aware of the difference．
（2）
Speaking and writing are different in many ways．Speech depends on sounds；writing，on the other hand，uses written symbols． Speech was developed about 500，000 years ago，but written language is a comparatively recent development，invented only about six thousand years ago．Speech is usually informal，while the word choice of writing，by contrast，is often relatively formal．Although pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing，a standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries．Speech relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice，but writing lacks these features．Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences．
34．2 Analysis of the above two versions
In paragraph（1），almost all connections are missing．Therefore，it is rather difficult for us to tell in how many ways speaking and writing are different．In paragraph（2），however，by using the six comparsion and contrast transitions，“on the other hand”，“but”，“while”，“by contrast”and“although”，we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in six aspects．
34．3 常用的转换词语类型（Types of Commonly Used Transitional Words or Phrases）
1）Listing列举
first，second，third
firstly，secondly，thirdly
first，furthermore，finally
in the first place，in the second place，finally
last but not least
first and most important
to begin with，next，then，finally
the former…the latter the first step，the second step，the
next step
2）Illustrating（giving examples）说明（举例）
for example（f．e．） including
for instance（i．d．） mainly
namely such as
3）Emphasizing强调
obviously certainly
undoubtedly especially
surely above all
indeed most important of all
in fact most importantly
very likely
4）Paralleling并列
or that is，that's to say not only…but（also）
and in other words both…and as well as
neither…nor either…or
5）Adding补充
also（too） gain furthermore
further moreover what is more
then in addition besides
as well（as）
6）Comparison and Contrast比较与对照
comparatives：the same…as；be similar to；and…．，too；
（比较连接词）and…so…；not…and…not…，either；not
…neither…；both…and…；neither…nor…；
Just as…，so…；resemble；have…in common；
There are similarities between…and…
in the same way；equally important；
similarly
Contrastives：be…adj．/adv．+ er…than；more…than…；
（对照连接词）less…than…；not so…as；Unlike…/
Contrary to…/As opposed to…；Although/
Whereas/While；contrast with/differ from/
be different from；however/on the other
hand/in contrast
7）Time时间
now in the past until
soon recently after a while
later nowadays not long after
then while in the mean time
before since meanwhile
8）Space Order空间
under the table in the distance
on the hilltop across the river
in front of the room next to the door
in the back of the room on the front wall
on the tenth floor along the street
nearby far away
inside the house outside the school
behind the cupboard by the window
round the corner on the opposite side of the street
at the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the sea
9）Cause and Effect因果
since so…that…
because thus
because of this/that hence
because of the fact that therefore
as a result accordingly
as a result of otherwise
be due to be responsible for
consequently cause
be a consequence of lead to
as a consequence of contribute to
be the reason for result in
follow from bring about
result from give rise to
10）Concluding总结
in conclusion to conclude
to sum up in brief
at last in short
finally
11）Qualifying转折（限定）
but however （al）though
yet except for nevertheless
of course after al clearly
still
34．4 Assignment for Unit 34
Directions：There are twenty blanks in the following passage．For each blank there is a transitional word or phrase missing．You should choose the appropriate word or phrase of each blank from the given words or phrases below ．Be sure to use each of the given words or phrases，some of which may appear twice．
similarly，therefore，but，however，first of all，and，even，finally，for example，secondly，on the other hand，further-more，third，when，nevertheless，as aresult，or
Since we Americans are a blend of people from many countries，we have a very short history which can properly be called“American”．____，it is hard to find characteristics which apply to all Americans．We combine many extremes from many different cultures．____，we can make some generalizations．Our main characteristics include individuality，a combination of idealism and practicality，materialism，____a lack of parental influence，all of which permeate our lives．
____，we Americans value individuality．Our country was founded by strong individuals，and we do not like to be forced into conformity．Therefore，we insist on having a great deal of freedom．Interestingly enough，____，most Americans use this freedom to behave very much like most other Americans，and we are suspicious of those who do not conform．Hippies are individualists，____，but most Americans do not like them．By the same token，we consider ourselves very faithful to the laws of our country，____there are few among us who would not break one if it was felt that no harm would be done by doing so—such as by exceeding the speed limit or failing to report informally-received cash income on tax forms．
____，we Americans are both practical and idealistic．We place great value on doing things forourselves，for this is what our pioneer forefathers were forced to do．Many foreign visitors are surprised to find that many couples of comfortable means do their own yard work，their own house-work，their own repairs．____，we are very idealistic：We think we have the best political，social，and economic system yet devised，and we ____expect everything to go smoothly．
____our idealism，we are easily disillusioned．This is why so many marriages end in divorce—young couples' expectations from marriage are unrealistically high．____，it helps explain the dissatisfactions and protests of many young people，and ____older people，who enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world．
A ____characteristics of us Americans is that money is more important than prestige to us．People work extremely hard，so many，unfortunately，either have little leisure time，or do not know how to enjoy it．Why do we work so hard？It is not to achieve greater status or prestige，but simply to have more of the material objects and comfort that money can buy．
____，our parents have less influence on us than parents do in other countries．Many children are left in day-care centers by their working mothers，____with baby sitters when their parents go out at night．____，peer pressure is very great because children's feelings and desires are taken very seriously，and they are given a lot of freedom to form strong personalities．We leave home at a relatively early age，usually after high school，to take jobs and have our own apartments，____to go to college，where we are allowed a great deal of freedom．We choose our own spouses，even if our parents object，And，later in life，____our parents are old and helpless，we often live far away from them；many prefer to put them in nursing homes rather than to have the responsibility of caring for them daily．Many foreigners find this practice heartless．I suppose it is，____like many other qualities we Americans share，it is subject to change over a relatively short period of time．
第三十五单元 总复习Revision Exercises
第三十五单元 总复习Revision ExercisesAs is known to all，‘practice makes perfect’．Good，effective writing can only be achieved through much practice．So in this unit，we intend to give you 20 topics for your writing practice．
Exercise 35-1
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the title“Computers”．You should base your composition on the following outline．Your composition should be about 120 words．Remember to write clearly．
Computers
1）计算机在现代社会中的作用；
2）计算机在家庭中的作用；
3）你对计算机的看法。
Exercise 35-2
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph essay by using the cause-effect technique to illustrate how overpopulatlon threatens the development of society．The following outline information will be of help．
Overpopulation Poses a Threat to the Development of Societies
1）scarcity of resources，including land
2）shortage of food
3）lack of health care，educational facilities and work opportunities
Exercise 35-3
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph composition of no less than 120words on the title“The Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Travel”
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Travel
Exercise 35-4
Directions：Write a composition on the title“The Project Hope”．Your composition should be based on the outline below
and should be start with the given opening sentence：
Education plays a very important role in the
modernization of our country．
The Project Hope
1）Present situation of education in our country；
2）Necessity of the project；
3）My suggestions．
Exercise 35-5
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph composition in no less than 120words on the title“For a Better Understanding between Parents and Children”．Your composition should bebased on the outline below and should be written clearly on the Composition Sheet．
Outline：
1）Present situation：lack of communication between parents and children
2）Possible reasons：a．different likes and dislikes
b．misunderstanding
c．others
3）Suggestions：a．for parents
b．for children
Exercise 35-6
Directions：Write a composition of about 120 words explaining how the dues of membership are spend．Use the information contained in the pie chart and your composition should be based on the outline given below．
Use of Photo Club Membership Dues Outline：
1）source of dues and areas of expenses
2）the largest and the smallest areas of spending
3）conclusion
Exercise 35-7
Directions：Write a composition on the title“Developing Listening Ability”．You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop the given topic sentences into three paragraphs．Your composition should be about 120 words，not including the words given．
On Developing Listening Ability
1）At present，some Chinese students don't pay enough attention to the development of their listening ability．
2）As a matter of fact，listening is one of the most important ways to study a foreign language．
3）Personally，I believe that……
Exercise 35-8
Directions：Write a composition about“The Profession I Like to Follow”in three paragraphs．Your composition must be based on the outline given below and it should be no less than 120 words．
The Profession I Like to Follow
1）My definition of an ideal profession；
2）Reasons for my definition；
3）An example of my ideal profession．
Exercise 35-9
Directions：Write a composition of no less than 120 words on“The Early Model T Ford Cars”．Study the following table carefully；Your composition must be based on the informtion given in the table．Write three paragraphs to：
1）state the changes in the price of the cars；
2）state the changes in the output of the cars；
3）draw your own conclusions（reasons why Henry
Ford's cars have been so popular in the U．S．A．）
Exercise 35-10
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph composition on the title“Things Making Life Happy”．Your composition should be at least 120 words．Remember to support the main idea with details and make your conclusion．Write clearly．
Things Making Life Happy
Exercise 35-11
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph composition on the title“How to Prepare Steamed Crabs”．You should develop your
composition by using the given opening sentence belowand remember to use signal words to show clearly the different steps in the procedure．
How to Prepare Steamed Crabs
Almost everyone who lives in Guangdong likes to eat crabs．But do you know how to prepare them？
Exercise 35-12
Directions：You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graph below．The suggested title is“Car Accidents in Beijing”．Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as possible．Remember that your composition must be written according to the following outline：
1）Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph；
2）Possible reason（s）for the decline of car accidents in the city；
3）Your predictions of what will happen in the following year．
Exercise 35-13
Directions：Write a composition entitled“Reform and Open-door Policy in China”by developing the three given topic sentences into three paragraphs．Your composition should be about 120 words，not including the given sentences．
Reform and Open-door Policy in China
1）China's reform and open-door policy，which started ten years ago，has brought China a lot of benefit sand has changed our lives greatly．
2）But we are facing some new problems in the course of the reform and open-door policy．
3）In spite of the above mentioned problems，we should……
Exercise 35-14
Directions：Suppose your hobby is stamp-collecting，write a composition of no less than 120 words about this hobby using the following key words and expressions．
Key Words and Expressions：
at my leisure，never ending pleasure，album，historic data，distant land，customs，like-minded collector，show off，the latest find，stamp-collecting king
Exercise 35-15
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph composition on the title“Causes of Teenager Smoking”．Your composition should be at least 120 words and you must use the following keywords and expressions in your composition．
Key Words and Expressions：
turn to smoking，personal insecurity，as a way to，hide nervousness，fashionable，boredom，be eager to，behave like adults
Causes of Teenager Smoking
Exercise 35-16
Directions：Write a composition about“Causes for Air Pollution in the Northeastern City of Lanzhou”．Your composition
must be based on the outline given and it should be no
less than 120 words．
Causes for Air Pollution in the Northeastern City of Lanzhou
1）There are a lot of factories and oil refineries．
（Hinted information：few anti-pollution devices）
2）The city is built between and around hills．
（Hinted information：air trapped between the mountains not allowing the winds to disperse the air）
3）People use coal fires in winter and there are too many cars and trucks in the city．
（Hinted information：chemicals dumped in the Yellow River）
Exercise 35-17
Directions：According to the information given in the following chart，write a 3-paragraph report by using the technique of Comparison and Contrast to illustrate the increase and decrease of main causes of traffic accidents in Zhanjiang between 1993 and 1994．
Exercise 35-18
Directions：Write a letter of application in no less than 120 words．Follow the given directions and outline below．
假设你是一个华南师范大学数学系的学生，你从报纸上看到一技术学校要招聘一名数学教师的广告，写信应征并作自我推荐，内容包括：
1）修完一个数学系学生应学的全部课程；
2）学业成绩优秀或接近优秀；
3）通过大学英语四级通考；
4）向该学校介绍个人品德、能力。
Exercise 35-19
Directions：Write a composition about“The Presevation of Wild Life”in three paragraphs．Your composition must be based on the outline given and it should be no less than120 words．
1）Necessity of presevation of wild life
2）Possible measures（What can be done to preservewild life）
3）My suggestions
Exercise 35-20
Directions：write a composition on the title“My Hometown”in no less than 120 words．
My Hometown LZ辛苦了。 楼主辛苦!多谢!